Process for homo-or copolymerization of conjugated olefines

ABSTRACT

Metal complexes, catalyst compositions containing the metal complexes, and processes for making the metal complexes and the catalyst compositions are described for the manufacture of polymers from ethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizable monomers. The metal complexes have chemical structures corresponding to one of the following formulae: (Ia) (Ib) (VII) wherein M I . and M II . are metals; T is nitrogen or phosphorus; P is a carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus atom; groups R 1 , R 2  and R 3  may be linked to each other; Y is a divalent bridging group; X, X 1 , and X 2  are anionic ligand groups with certain exceptions; D is a neutral Lewis base ligand; and s, o, k, i, ii, p, m, a, b, c, d, e, t, and y are numbers as further described in the claims.

This application is U.S. National Stage Application, under 35 U.S.C. §371, of International Application No. PCT/US2004/004941, filed on Feb.18, 2004, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/449,076, filed on Feb. 21, 2003, and U.S. Provisional Application No.60/449,077, filed on Feb. 21, 2003.

This invention relates to metal complex compositions, their preparationand their use as catalysts to produce polymers through(homo)polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizablemonomers or through copolymerization of ethylenically unsaturatedaddition polymerizable monomers with at least one different type ofethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizable monomer.

More particularly, this invention relates to metal complex compositions,their preparation and their use as catalysts to produce polymers ofconjugated dienes through polymerization of conjugated ethylenicallyunsaturated addition polymerizable monomers or through copolymerizationof conjugated ethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizable monomerswith at least one different type of ethylenically unsaturated additionpolymerizable monomer.

The used metal complex compositions are group 3 metal compoundsincluding lanthanides and actinides, preferably lanthanide compounds,more preferably neodymium compounds in combination with activatorcompound(s) and optionally a catalyst support.

More particularly, the invention relates to metal complexes containingat least one metal—nitrogen or metal—phosphorus bond and in addition toit at least one metal halide bond, more particularly at least onemetal—nitrogen bond and at least one metal halide bond and to thepreparation of the catalyst and the use of the prepared catalyst toproduce homo- or copolymers of conjugated dienes, preferably through,but not limited to, through homopolymerization of 1,3-butadiene orcopolymerization of 1,3-butadiene with styrene or isoprene. Morepreferably the polydiene or the polydiene sequences of the copolymerconsist predominantly of cis units.

Polymers from conjugated ethylenically unsaturated additionpolymerizable monomers and metal complex catalysts for producing thesame are known.

Knowledge of the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution ofthe polymer as well as the microstructure of the polydiene part, forexample the cis-1,4-, trans-1,4- and 1,2-polybutadiene ratio in case ofpolybutadiene, is crucial for the preparation of polymers with desiredproperties. Though a few patents describe some characteristics of thepolydiene obtained, little effort was made to improve the polymerizationactivity and to change the molecular weight of the polymer whilemaintaining the interesting polymer cis selectivity.

It would be valuable to recognize that the kind and arrangement of theligand on the metal complex can have a dominating effect on the polymermicrostructure while different mixtures of the metal complex(precatalyst) with the co-catalyst can have a dominant effect on themolecular weight of the polymer and on the polymerization activity ofthe polymerization reaction. The desired high cis selectivity of thepolydiene could be achieved by selecting suitable precatalysts incombination with specific activators while the exchange of theprecatalysts under identical reaction conditions including the activatorcomponent leads to higher trans fractions. On the other hand it isdesirable to tune the molecular weight of the polydienes and thepolymerization activity of the polymerization reaction by selectingsuitable types and amounts of co-catalysts. In addition, there is a needfor catalyst precursors and catalysts which are stable in a dry stateand in solution at room temperature and at higher temperatures so thatthese compounds may be more easily handled and stored. In addition, itwould be desirable to have catalyst components that could be directlyinjected into the polymerization reactor without the need to “age”(stir, shake or store) the catalyst or catalyst components for a longerperiod of time. Especially for a solution polymerization process or acontinuous polymerization process, liquid or dissolved catalyst orcatalyst components are more suitable for a proper dosing into thepolymerization vessel. Furthermore, it is highly desirably to have ahighly active polymerization catalyst for conjugated dienes which isstable and efficient in a broad temperature range for a longer periodwithout deactivation. It also would be beneficial if polydienes withhigh cis contents and high molecular weight could be producedefficiently. High molecular weight polybutadienes with a high fractionof cis-1,4-polybutadiene are interesting materials for the production oftire tread and side walls.

According to the present invention for the polymerization of one type ofethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizable monomer or thecopolymerization of one type of ethylenically unsaturated additionpolymerizable monomer with at least one different type of ethylenicallyunsaturated addition polymerizable monomer there are provided metalcomplexes.

In one embodiment according to the current invention there are providedmetal complexes corresponding to one of the Formulae Ia and Ib:

wherein:

M^(I) is lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium or ametal from Group 3 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, or theactinides;

M^(II) is a metal from one of the Groups 1 or 2 of the Periodic Table ofthe Elements

T is nitrogen or phosphorus;

R^(A), R^(B), R^(C) and R^(D) independently each occurrence are hydrogenor a group having from 1 to 80 atoms not counting hydrogen, which ishydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl, halo-substituted hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbyloxy-substituted hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylamino-substitutedhydrocarbyl, or hydrocarbylsilyl-substituted hydrocarbyl;

wherein neither of the groups R^(A) and/or R^(B) are linked to either ofthe groups R^(C) and/or R^(D), except by means of the T-M^(I)-T linkinggroup;

X independently each occurrence is an anionic ligand group having up to60 atoms, provided however that in no occurrence is X an amide group, aphosphide group, a cyclic, delocalized, aromatic group that is π-bondedto M^(I) or M^(II) or a allylic delocalized group that is π-bonded toM^(I) or M^(II);

D independently each occurrence is a neutral Lewis base ligand having upto 30 nonhydrogen atoms;

s is the number 0 or 1;

o is the number 1 or 2;

p is the number 1, 2, 3 or 4;

t is one of the numbers 0 to 5; and

y is one of the numbers 1 to 20.

The formula weight of the metal complex is preferably lower than 25,000g/mol, more preferably lower than 20,000 g/mol.

Additionally according to the present invention there are provided metalcomplexes resulting from the combination of one equivalent of a Group 3metal, lanthanide or actinide compound corresponding to Formula II withmore than one and less than three equivalents of the group 1 or group 2complexes corresponding to Formula IIIa and/or IIIb:

wherein M^(I), M^(II), T, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), R^(D), t, D, and X are aspreviously defined;n is the number zero or 1; andu is the number one or two.

Additionally, according to the present invention there is provided aprocess for preparing metal complexes corresponding to one of theFormulas Ia and Ib wherein M^(I), M^(II), T, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), R^(D),X, D, o, s, p, t and y are as previously defined and wherein neither ofthe groups R^(A) and/or R^(B) are linked to either of the groups R^(C)and/or R^(D), except by means of the T-M^(I)-T linking group comprisingcontacting a compound according to Formula II wherein M^(I), X, t and Dare as previously defined with more than one and less than threeequivalents of the group 1 or group 2 compounds corresponding to FormulaIIIa and/or IIIb wherein M^(I), M^(II), T, R^(A), R^(B), R^(C), R^(D),t, D, and X are as previously defined, n is the number zero or 1, and uis the number one or two.

In another embodiment according to the present invention there areprovided metal complexes corresponding to one of the formula VII:

wherein:

-   -   M^(I) is a metal from Group 3, 4 or 5 of the Periodic Table of        the Elements, a lanthanide metal or an actinide metal;    -   M^(II) is a metal from one of the Groups 1 or 2 of the Periodic        Table of the Elements    -   T is nitrogen or phosphorus;    -   P is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom or a phosphorus atom

R¹, R², R³, R⁵ and R⁶ independently each occurrence are hydrogen, ahalide atom or a group having from 1 to 80 atoms not counting hydrogen,which is hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl, halo-substituted hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbyloxy-substituted hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylamino-substitutedhydrocarbyl, or hydrocarbylsilyl-substituted hydrocarbyl; and the groupsR¹, R² and R³ may be linked to each other;

Y is a divalent bridging group joining two groups wherein Y is a grouphaving from 1 to 80 atoms not counting hydrogen, which is hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbylsilyl, halo-substituted hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbyloxy-substituted hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylamino-substitutedhydrocarbyl, or hydrocarbylsilyl-substituted hydrocarbyl, preferably Yis (CR¹¹ ₂)_(a) or (CR¹³ ₂)_(b)O(CR¹⁴ ₂)_(c). or (CR¹⁵ ₂)_(d)S(CR¹⁶₂)_(e). or 1,2-disubstituted aromatic ring system wherein R¹¹, R¹³, R¹⁴,R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are a group having from 1 to 80 atoms not counting hydrogen,which is hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl, halo-substituted hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbyloxy-substituted hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylamino-substitutedhydrocarbyl, or hydrocarbylsilyl-substituted hydrocarbyl;

X¹, X² independently each occurrence are anionic ligand groups having upto 60 atoms, provided however that in no occurrence is X¹ or X² adelocalized, aromatic group that is π-bonded to M or a allylicdelocalized group that is π-bonded to M;

D independently each occurrence is a neutral Lewis base ligand having upto 30 nonhydrogen atoms;

s is the number 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 (preferably 0, 1, 3 or 4);

o is the number 1 or 2;

k is the number 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;

i, ii independently each occurrence are the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;

p is the number 1 or 2;

m is the numbers 0 or 1;

a, b, c, d and e independently each occurrence are the numbers 1, 2, 3or 4;

t is one of the numbers 0 to 5; and

y is one of the numbers 1 to 20.

i and ii independently each occurrence are preferably the numbers 0, 1,2 or 3; and preferably the sum of i and ii represents one of the numbers1, 2, 3 or 4 and, thus may not be zero (i+ii≠0).

The formula weight of the metal complex preferably is lower than 25,000g/mol, more preferably lower than 20,000 g/mol.

Additionally according to the present invention there are provided metalcomplexes resulting from the reaction of a compound corresponding toformula VIII with a compound corresponding to formula IX:

wherein M^(I), M^(II), T, R¹, R², R³, R⁵, R⁶, Y, P, D, X¹, m and t areas previously defined.

Additionally, according to the present invention there is provided aprocess for preparing metal complexes corresponding to one of theformulas VIIa, VIIb and VIIc:

wherein

M^(II), T, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, Y, P, D, X¹, X², k, s, p, t, o and yare as previously defined,

M^(I) is a metal from Group 3 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, alanthanide metal or an actinide metal;

i and ii independently each occurrence are as defined above, and arepreferably the numbers 0, 1, 2 or 3; and preferably the sum of i and iirepresents one of the numbers 1, 2, 3 or 4 and, thus may not be zero(i+ii≠0); and

C is a carbon atom; comprising:

contacting a compound according to formula VIII:M ^(I)(X ¹)₃ *tD  Formula VIIIwherein M^(I), D, t and X¹ are as previously defined, with one of thecompounds corresponding to formula IXa, IXb or IXc:

wherein M^(II), T, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, Y, D, and t are as previouslydefined and C is a carbon atom.

Preferably according to the invention X¹ is a fluoride, chloride,bromide or iodide atom and T is a nitrogen atom.

Even more preferably M^(II) is an atom of group 1 of the Periodic Tableof the Elements.

In a preferred embodiment, the compound according to the formula VIIIM ^(I)(X ¹)₃ *tD  Formula VIIIwherein M^(I), D and t are as previously defined and X¹ groups arefluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide, or a hydrocarbyl group, ahydrocarbylsilyl group, a halo-substituted hydrocarbyl group, or an —ORgroup, wherein R independently each occurrence is hydrogen or a grouphaving from 1 to 80 atoms not counting hydrogen, which is hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbylsilyl, halo-substituted hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbyloxy-substituted hydrocarbyl, acyl-substituted hydrocarbyl,arylcarbonyl-substituted hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylamino-substitutedhydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl-substituted hydrocarbyl, acyl orarylcarbonyl, is contacted with compounds according to one of theformulas IXd/e or IXf:

wherein M^(II), R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, D, N and t are as previouslydefined and R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ independently each occurrence arehydrogen, a halide atom or a group having from 1 to 80 atoms notcounting hydrogen, which is hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl,halo-substituted hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbyloxy-substituted hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbylamino-substituted hydrocarbyl, orhydrocarbylsilyl-substituted hydrocarbyl; in a solvent.

In a preferred embodiment, one equivalent of the compound according tothe formula VIII,M ^(I)(X ¹)₃ *tD  Formula VIIIwherein D and t are as previously defined, M^(I) is a lanthanide metal;X¹ is a fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide atom is contacted with oneof the compounds corresponding to formula IXd/e and IXf (see above)wherein M^(II), R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, D, N and t are as previouslydefined and R⁷, R⁸, R⁹ and R¹⁰ independently each occurrence arehydrogen, a group having from 1 to 80 atoms not counting hydrogen, whichis hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl, halo-substituted hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbyloxy-substituted hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylamino-substitutedhydrocarbyl, or hydrocarbylsilyl-substituted hydrocarbyl; in a solvent.

Preferably according to the invention M^(I) is one of the metalsneodymium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, promethium, samarium,europium, gadolinium, terbium or dysprosium; even more preferably M^(I)is neodymium.

The above-described are useful for the polymerization of one type ofethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizable monomer or thecopolymerization of one type of ethylenically unsaturated additionpolymerizable monomer with at least one different type of ethylenicallyunsaturated addition polymerizable monomer as further described below.

Further according to the present invention there are provided catalystsfor the polymerization of one type of ethylenically unsaturated additionpolymerizable monomer or the copolymerization of one type ofethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizable monomer with at leastone different type of ethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizablemonomer comprising:

-   -   1) a combination of one or more of the above metal complexes and        one or more activators (cocatalysts) and optionally a support        (carrier material) or    -   2) the reaction product formed by contacting one or more of the        above metal complexes with one or more activators and optionally        a support or    -   3) the product formed by subjecting one or more of the above        metal complexes and optionally a support to activating        techniques.

The present invention also provides a process for preparing catalystsfor the polymerization of one type of ethylenically unsaturated additionpolymerizable monomer or copolymerization of one type of ethylenicallyunsaturated addition polymerizable monomer with at least one differenttype of ethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizable monomercomprising (1) contacting one or more of the above metal complexes withone or more activators and optionally a support or (2) subjecting one ormore of the above metal complexes and optionally a support to activatingtechniques.

The present invention also provides a polymerization process comprisingcontacting one or more ethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizablemonomers optionally in the presence of an inert, aliphatic, alicyclic orcyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon, under polymerization conditions with acatalyst comprising:

-   -   1) a combination of one or more of the above metal complexes and        one or more activators and optionally a support or    -   2) the reaction product formed by contacting one or more of the        above metal complexes with one or more activators and optionally        a support or    -   3) the product formed by subjecting one or more of the above        metal complexes and optionally a support to activating        techniques.

The polymerization may be performed under solution, suspension, slurry,or gas phase process conditions, and the catalyst or individualcomponents thereof may be used in a heterogeneous, that is, a supportedstate, or in a homogeneous state as dictated by process conditions. Thecatalyst can be used in combination with one or more additionalcatalysts of the same or different nature either simultaneously orsequentially in the same reactor and/or sequentially in separatereactors. The catalyst can be formed in situ in the presence of, orprior to addition to, a reaction mixture comprising one or moreethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizable monomers.

According to the present invention there are provided homopolymerscomprising one ethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizable monomer,even more especially one conjugated ethylenically polyunsaturatedaddition polymerizable monomer.

Further according to the present invention there are provided copolymerscomprising more than one ethylenically unsaturated additionpolymerizable monomer, even more especially conjugated ethylenicallypolyunsaturated addition polymerizable monomers in combination with asecond type of ethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizable monomer.

Catalysts for polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated additionpolymerizable monomers, preferably catalysts for polymerization ofconjugated ethylenically polyunsaturated addition polymerizablemonomers, according to the invention possess improved catalyticproperties and are especially useful in the polymerization of conjugateddienes. In addition, the complexes are compatible with and may be usedin combination with alkylaluminum compounds which may be employed toscavenge monomer impurities without detrimental effects to theircatalytic properties.

The homopolymers and copolymers of the invention may be used in theproduction of many useful shapes, molded parts, films, foams, golfballs, tires, hoses, conveyor and other belts, gaskets, seals, shoes andin the modification of plastics.

All reference to the Periodic Table of the Elements herein shall referto the Periodic Table of the Elements, published and copyrighted by CRCPress, Inc., 1989. Also, any reference to a Group or Groups shall be tothe Group or Groups as reflected in this Periodic Table of the Elementsusing the IUPAC system for numbering groups.

By the term “neutral Lewis base ligand” is meant uncharged groups thatare sufficiently nucleophilic to be capable of forming a coordinationbond to the metal atom of the metal complex of the invention. Preferredneutral Lewis base ligand groups, D, are carbon monoxide,acetylacetonate, ethers, thioethers, polyethers, amines, polyamines,phosphines, phosphites, polyphosphines, alcohols, nitriles, esters,olefins and conjugated dienes. The metal complexes according to thepresent invention may be present as coordination complexes of neutralLewis base ligands.

In the preferred metal complexes according to the present inventioncorresponding to one of the Formulas IVa or IVb:

wherein:

M^(II) is a metal from one of the Groups 1 or 2 of the Periodic Table ofthe Elements;

-   -   T is nitrogen or phosphorus;    -   M^(I) comprises lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, or        promethium;    -   R^(A) and R^(B) are hydrocarbyl, especially alkyl, cyclic alkyl,        aryl, alkaryl, more especially methyl, ethyl, 1-methylethyl,        1,1-dimethylethyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 2,6-dialkylphenyl,        benzyl, trimethylsilyl and hydrocarbylsilyl; and the two ligands        (R^(A))(R^(B))T are not linked to each other in any way, except        by means of the M^(I) linking group;

D independently each occurrence is selected from carbon monoxide;phosphines, PR^(i) ₃, and phosphites, P(OR^(i))₃, wherein R^(i)independently each occurrence is hydrocarbyl, silyl, especiallytrimethylphosphine, triethylphosphine, tributylphosphine,triphenylphosphine and 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane,1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, bis(diphenylphosphino)methane,1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, trimethylphosphite,triethylphosphite, tributylphosphite, triphenylphosphite; thioethers,especially dimethylthioether, methylphenylthioether, diethylthioether;ethers and polyethers, especially tetrahydrofuran (THF), diethylether(Et₂O), dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME); amines and polyamines,especially pyridine, bipyridine, pyrrolidine, piperidine,tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) and triethylamine (TEA); olefins,especially ethylene, propylene, butene, hexene, octene, styrene,divinylbenzene; conjugated dienes having from 4 to 40 carbon atoms,especially butadiene, isoprene, 1,3-pentadiene, 2,4-hexadiene; alcohols,especially methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol; nitriles, especiallyacetonitrile, acrylonitrile, propanenitrile, benzonitrile; esters,especially methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methylacrylate, methyl methacrylate, methyl benzoate;

X groups are fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide, or a hydrocarbylgroup, a hydrocarbylsilyl group, a halo-substituted hydrocarbyl group,or an —OR group, wherein R independently each occurrence is hydrogen ora group having from 1 to 80 atoms not counting hydrogen, which ishydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl, halo-substituted hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbyloxy-substituted hydrocarbyl, acyl-substituted hydrocarbyl,arylcarbonyl-substituted hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylamino-substitutedhydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl-substituted hydrocarbyl, acyl orarylcarbonyl, and more preferred groups are fluoride, chloride, bromideor iodide;

s is the number 0 or 1;

o is the number 1 or 2;

p is the number 1, 2, 3 or 4;

t is one of the numbers 0 to 3; and

y is the number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.

The formula weight of the metal complex preferably is lower than 20,000g/mol, more preferably lower than 15,000 g/mol.

Preferably, M^(I) comprises lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium,promethium; even more preferably neodymium.

Preferably, M^(II) comprises a lithium, sodium, potassium or magnesiumatom.

T preferably comprises nitrogen.

Preferably, D comprises tetrahydrofuran (THF), diethylether (Et₂O),dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME).

Preferably X is a fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide atom and T is anitrogen atom.

Even more preferably M^(II) is an atom of Group 1 of the Periodic Tableof the Elements; and n is the number zero.

Even more preferably R^(A) and R^(C) are selected to be identical andR^(B) and R^(D) are selected to be identical.

In a preferred embodiment, the compound according to the Formula IIwherein the X groups are fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide, or ahydrocarbyl group, a hydrocarbylsilyl group, a halo-substitutedhydrocarbyl group, or an —OR group, wherein R independently eachoccurrence is hydrogen or a group having from 1 to 80 atoms not countinghydrogen, which is hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl, halo-substitutedhydrocarbyl, hydrocarbyloxy-substituted hydrocarbyl, acyl-substitutedhydrocarbyl, arylcarbonyl-substituted hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbylamino-substituted hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl-substitutedhydrocarbyl, acyl or arylcarbonyl, is contacted with more than one andless than three equivalents of the Group 1 or Group 2 compoundsaccording to the Formulae IIIa and IIIb, in a solvent.

Preferred metal complexes according to the present invention are metalcomplexes resulting from the reaction of one equivalent of a Group 3metal, lanthanide or actinide compound corresponding to Formula II withmore than 1.5 and less than 2.5 equivalents of the Group 1 compound(s)corresponding to Formula IIIc:

wherein M^(I), M^(II), T, R^(A), R^(B), t, D, and X are as previouslydefined and T is preferably nitrogen.

Especially preferred metal complexes according to the present inventioncorrespond to the Formula Va or Vb:

wherein R^(A), R^(B) and t are as previously defined;

M^(I) is lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium;

N is nitrogen;

M^(II) is a metal of group 1 of the Periodic Table of the Elements,especially M^(II) is lithium, sodium or potassium;

X independently each occurrence is fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodideor an —OR group, wherein R independently each occurrence is hydrogen ora group having from 1 to 80 atoms not counting hydrogen, which ishydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl, halo-substituted hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbyloxy-substituted hydrocarbyl, acyl-substituted hydrocarbyl,arylcarbonyl-substituted hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylamino-substitutedhydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl-substituted hydrocarbyl, acyl orarylcarbonyl, and more preferred groups are fluoride, chloride, bromideor iodide;

D is THF, DME, TEA, TMEDA, Et₂O;

o is the number 1;

p is the number 1;

s is the number 0 or 1; and

y is the number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and

the two ligands (R^(A))(R^(B))N are not linked to each other in any way,except by means of the M^(I) linking group.

The formula weight of the metal complex preferably is lower than 15,000g/mol, more preferably lower than 9,000 g/mol.

Especially preferred metal complexes according to the present inventionare metal complexes resulting from the reaction of one equivalent of alanthanide compound corresponding to Formula II with more than 1.5 andless than 2.5 equivalents of the Group 1 compound(s) corresponding toFormula IIIc wherein M^(II) is a group 1 metal.

In an even preferred embodiment, one equivalent of the compoundaccording to the formula II, wherein M^(I) is neodymium, t and D are aspreviously defined and X is a fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodideatom, is contacted with more than 1.5 and less than 2.5 equivalents ofthe Group 1 compound corresponding to Formula IIIc, wherein R^(A) andR^(B) are as previously defined and M^(II) is an atom of Group 1 of thePeriodic Table of the Elements, in a solvent.

Most highly preferred metal complexes according to the present inventioncorrespond to the Formula VIa or VIb:

wherein

R^(A) and R^(B) are alkyl, cyclic alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, more especiallymethyl, ethyl, 1-methylethyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl,2,6-dialkylphenyl, benzyl, trimethylsilyl and benzyl(dimethyl)silyl,t-butyl(dimethyl)silyl, n-butyl(dimethyl)silyl; and R^(A) and R^(B) arenot connected with each other, except by means of the N linking group;

Nd is neodymium;

M^(II) is lithium, sodium or potassium;

X is fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide;

D is TBF, DME or Et₂O;

t is the number 0, 1, 2 or 3;

s is the number 0;

y is the number 1, 2, 3 or 4; and

the formula weight of the metal complex preferably is lower than 6,000g/mol.

Preferably the metal complex does not contain hapto-5 bond ligands suchas, but not limited to, cyclopentadienyl, indenyl or fluorenyl ligands,as well as hapto-3 bond ligands such as, but not limited to, allyl orpentadienyl ligands.

Exemplary, but non-limiting metal complexes according to the inventioninclude the following neodymium complexes:

-   lithium[bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dipropylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dipropylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dipropylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dipropylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dipropylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dipropylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dipropylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dipropylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dipropylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dipropylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dipropylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dipropylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-diethylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-diethylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-diethylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-diethylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diethylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diethylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diethylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diethylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diethylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diethylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diethylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diethylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-ethylmethylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-ethylmethylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-ethylmethylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-ethylmethylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-ethylmethylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-ethylmethylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-ethylmethylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-ethylmethylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-ethylmethylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-ethylmethylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-ethylmethylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-ethylmethylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dimethylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dibutylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dibutylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dibutylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dibutylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dibutylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dibutylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dibutylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dibutylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dibutylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dibutylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dibutylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dibutylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-methyl-N-propylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-methyl-N-propylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-methyl-N-propylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-methyl-N-propylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium [bis N-methyl-N-propylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-methyl-N-propylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-methyl-N-propylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-methyl-N-propylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-propylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-propylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-propylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-propylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium [bis N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dipentylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dipentylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dipentylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dipentylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dipentylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dipentylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dipentylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dipentylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dipentylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dipentylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dipentylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dipentylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dihexylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dihexylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dihexylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dihexylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dihexylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dihexylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dihexylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dihexylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dihexylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dihexylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dihexylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dihexylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dioctylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dioctylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dioctylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-dioctylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dioctylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dioctylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dioctylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-dioctylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dioctylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dioctylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dioctylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-dioctylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-didecylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-didecylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-didecylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-didecylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-didecylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-didecylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-didecylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-didecylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-didecylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-didecylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-didecylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-didecylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-methylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-methylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-methylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-methylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium [bis N-benzyl-N-methylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-methylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-methylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-methylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-methylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-methylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-methylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-methylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium [bis N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium [bis N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium [bis N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-diphenylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-diphenylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-diphenylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N,N-diphenylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diphenylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diphenylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diphenylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N,N-diphenylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diphenylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diphenylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diphenylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N,N-diphenylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-pyrrolylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-pyrrolylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-pyrrolylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(N-pyrrolylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium [bis N-pyrrolylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-pyrrolylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-pyrrolylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(N-pyrrolylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-pyrrolylamido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-pyrrolylamido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-pyrrolylamido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(N-pyrrolylamido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(piperidino)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(piperidino)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[bis(piperidino)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[bis(piperidino)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(piperidino)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(piperidino)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[bis(piperidino)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[bis(piperidino)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(piperidino)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(piperidino)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[bis(piperidino)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[bis(piperidino)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)difluoro    neodymate];-   potassium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)dichloro    neodymate];-   potassium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)dibromo    neodymate];-   potassium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)diiodo neodymate];-   lithium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amido)difluoro neodymate];-   lithium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amido)dibromo neodymate];-   lithium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amido)dichloro neodymate];-   lithium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amido)diiodo neodymate];-   sodium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amido)difluoro neodymate];-   sodium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amido)dichloro neodymate];-   sodium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amido)dibromo neodymate];-   sodium[N,N-bis(dimethylbenzyl-silyl)amido)diiodo neodymate];-   potassium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amido)difluoro neodymate];-   potassium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amido)dichloro neodymate];-   potassium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amido)dibromo neodymate];-   potassium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amido)diiodo neodymate].

The skilled artisan will recognize that additional members of theforegoing list will include the corresponding Lewis base adducts andGroup 1 metal halide adducts thereof.

Exemplary, but non-limiting metal complexes according to the inventioninclude the following neodymium complexes:

-   Bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N,N-diisopropylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N,N-dipropylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N,N-dipropylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N,N-dipropylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N,N-dipropylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N,N-diethylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N,N-diethylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N,N-diethylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N,N-diethylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-ethyl-N-methylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-ethyl-N-methylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-ethyl-N-methylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-ethyl-N-methylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N,N-dimethylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N,N-dimethylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N,N-dimethylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N,N-dimethylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N,N-diisobutylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N,N-dibutylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N,N-dibutylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N,N-dibutylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N,N-dibutylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis N-methyl-N-propylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-methyl-N-propylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-methyl-N-propylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-methyl-N-propylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-methyl-N-butylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis N-methyl-N-isobutylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-methyl-N-t-butylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-ethyl-N-butylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-propyl-N-butylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N,N-dipentylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N,N-dipentylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N,N-dipentylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N,N-dipentylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N,N-dihexylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N,N-dihexylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N,N-dihexylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N,N-dihexylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N,N-dioctylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N,N-dioctylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N,N-dioctylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N,N-dioctylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N,N-didecylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N,N-didecylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N,N-didecylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N,N-didecylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-propylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-methylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-methylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-methylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-methylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-benzyl-tert.-butylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-benzyl-tert.-butylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-benzyl-tert.-butylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-benzyl-tert.-butylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-butylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-t-butylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-butylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-cyclohexyl-N-iso-butylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-phenyl-N-benzylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-pyrrolylamido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-pyrrolylamido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-pyrrolylamido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-pyrrolylamido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N-piperidino)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N-piperidino)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N-piperidino)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N-piperidino)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amido)neodymium iodide;-   bis(N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amido)neodymium fluoride;-   bis(N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amido)neodymium chloride;-   bis(N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amido)neodymium bromide;-   bis(N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amido)neodymium iodide.

The skilled artisan will recognize that additional members of theforegoing list will include the corresponding Lewis base adducts andGroup 1 metal halide adducts thereof.

Especially preferred metal complexes according to the present inventioncorresponding to one of the formulas VIIa, VIIb or VIIc (formulas seeabove) are those wherein

R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ are hydrocarbyl, especially alkyl, cyclic alkyl,aryl, alkaryl, more especially methyl, ethyl, 1-methylethyl,1,1-dimethylethyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 2,6-dialkylphenyl, benzyl,trimethylsilyl and hydrocarbylsilyl;

D independently each occurrence is selected from carbon monoxide;phosphines, PR^(i) ₃, and phosphites, P(OR^(i))₃, wherein R^(i)independently each occurrence is hydrocarbyl, silyl, especiallytrimethylphosphine, triethylphosphine, tributylphosphine,triphenylphosphine and 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane,1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, bis(diphenylphosphino)methane,1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, trimethylphosphite,triethylphosphite, tributylphosphite, triphenylphosphite; thioethers,especially dimethylthioether, methylphenylthioether, diethylthioether;ethers and polyethers, especially tetrahydrofuran (THF), diethylether(Et₂O), dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME); amines and polyamines,especially pyridine, bipyridine, pyrrolidine, piperidine,tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) and triethylamine (TEA); olefins,especially ethylene, propylene, butene, hexene, octene, styrene,divinylbenzene; conjugated dienes having from 4 to 40 carbon atoms,especially butadiene, isoprene, 1,3-pentadiene, 2,4-hexadiene; alcohols,especially methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol; nitriles, especiallyacetonitrile, acrylonitrile, propanenitrile, benzonitrile; esters,especially methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methylacrylate, methyl methacrylate, methyl benzoate;

X¹ independently each occurrence are anionic ligand groups having up to60 atoms, provided however that in no occurrence is X¹ an amide group, aphosphide group, a cyclic, delocalized, aromatic group that is π-bondedto M or a allylic delocalized group that is π-bonded to M; especially X¹groups are fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide, or a hydrocarbylgroup, a hydrocarbylsilyl group, a halo-substituted hydrocarbyl group,or an —OR group, wherein R independently each occurrence is a grouphaving from 1 to 80 atoms not counting hydrogen, which is hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbylsilyl, halo-substituted hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbyloxy-substituted hydrocarbyl, acyl-substituted hydrocarbyl,arylcarbonyl-substituted hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylamino-substitutedhydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl-substituted hydrocarbyl, acyl orarylcarbonyl, and preferred groups are fluoride, chloride, bromide oriodide;

X² independently each occurrence are anionic ligand groups having up to60 atoms, provided however that in no occurrence is X² a cyclic,delocalized, aromatic group that is π-bonded to M or a allylicdelocalized group that is π-bonded to M; especially X² groups are ahydrocarbyl group, a hydrocarbylsilyl group, a halo-substitutedhydrocarbyl group, a silyl group, or an —OR group, wherein Rindependently each occurrence is hydrogen or a group having from 1 to 80atoms not counting hydrogen, which is hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl,halo-substituted hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbyloxy-substituted hydrocarbyl,acyl-substituted hydrocarbyl, arylcarbonyl-substituted hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbylamino-substituted hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl-substitutedhydrocarbyl, acyl or arylcarbonyl, and preferred groups are alkyl oraryl;

i, ii independently each occurrence are as defined above, or arepreferably the numbers 0, 1, 2, or 3; and preferably the sum of i and iirepresents one of the numbers 1, 2, 3 or 4 and thus must not be zero(i+ii≠0); and M^(II), T, Y, k, s, p, o, y and t are as previouslydefined; comprising contacting one equivalent of a compound according toformula VIII (see above) with more than 0.3 and less than 4 equivalentsof one of the compounds corresponding to formula IXa, IXb or IXc (seeabove).

More especially preferred metal complexes according to the presentinvention correspond to one of the formulae VIId, VIIe or VIIf:

wherein M^(I), R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, M^(II), X¹, X²,Y, D, k, s, p, o, y, i, ii and t are as previously defined; and theformula weight of the metal complex preferably is lower than 10,000g/mol;comprising contacting one equivalent of a compound according to theformula VIII (see above) with more than 0.5 and less than 3 equivalentsof one of the compounds according to the formulas IXd/e or IXf (seeabove) in a solvent.

Preferably, M^(I) comprises a lanthanide metal; even more preferablylanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium;

Preferably, M^(II) comprises a lithium, sodium, potassium or magnesiumatom; even more preferably lithium, sodium and potassium; and

Preferably, D comprises tetrahydrofuran (TBF), diethylether (Et2O),dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME).

Even more especially preferred metal complexes according to the presentinvention are metal complexes corresponding to one of the formulas VIIg,VIIh or VIIi:

resulting from the reaction of one equivalent of a lanthanide compoundcorresponding to formula VIII (see above) with one of the compoundscorresponding to formula IXd/e or IXf (see above) wherein

R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰ and X² are alkyl, cyclic alkyl,aryl, alkaryl, more especially methyl, ethyl, 1-methylethyl,1,1-dimethylethyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 2,6-dialkylphenyl, benzyl,trimethylsilyl and benzyl(dimethyl)silyl, t-butyl(dimethyl)silyl,n-butyl(dimethyl)silyl; and

M^(I) is lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium;preferably M^(I) is neodymium;

N is nitrogen;

M^(II) is lithium, sodium or potassium;

X¹ is fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide;

X² is are hydrocarbyl, especially alkyl, cyclic alkyl, aryl, alkaryl,more especially methyl, ethyl, 1-methylethyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl,cyclohexyl, phenyl, 2,6-dialkylphenyl, benzyl, trimethylsilyl andhydrocarbylsilyl

D is THF, DME or Et2O;

t is the number 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;

s is the number 0; 1 or 2;

o is the number 1 or 2;

k is the number 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;

i, ii are the numbers 0, 1 or 2; and preferably the sum of i and iirepresents one of the numbers 1, 2 or 3 and thus may not be zero(i+ii≠0); and

the formula weight of the metal complex preferably is lower than 6,000g/mol.

Preferably the metal complex does not contain hapto 5 bond ligands suchas, but not limited to, cyclopentadienyl, indenyl or fluorenyl ligands.

In general, the complexes can be prepared by contacting a Group 3, Group4 or Group 5 metal, lanthanide or actinide compound corresponding to theformula M^(I)(X¹)₃*t D (formula VIII) with one of the compoundscorresponding to formula IX, IXa, IXb, IXc, IXd/e or IXf, or a Lewisbase adduct thereof, wherein M^(I), M^(II), T, R¹, R², R³, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷,R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, Y, P, D, X, X¹, X², n, m, i, ii, s, p, o, y, k and t are aspreviously defined; and the molar ratio of the Group 3, Group 4 or Group5 metal, lanthanide or actinide compound (formula VIII) to the compoundcorresponding to one of the formula IX, IXa, IXb, IXc, IXd/e or IXfbeing from 1:0.1 to 1:5.0, preferably from 1:0.3 to 1:3.0, morepreferably from 1:0.5 to 1:2.7 and most preferably from 1:0.8 to 1:2.5;in a suitable noninterferring solvent or reaction medium at atemperature from −100° C. to 300° C., preferably from −78° C. to 150°C., most preferably from −20° C. to 125° C.

By noninterferring is meant that the solvent does not prevent formationof metal complex according to formula VII, VIIa, VIIb, VIIc, VIId, VIIe,VIIf, VIIg, VIIh or VIIi. Suitable reaction media for the formation ofthe complexes are aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons andhalohydrocarbons, ethers, amines, alcohols, amides, nitriles and esters.Examples include straight and branched-chain hydrocarbons such asisobutane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, and mixturesthereof, cyclic and alicyclic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane,cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, and mixturesthereof; chlorinated-, fluorinated- or chlorofluorinated hydrocarbonssuch as chloroform, dichloromethane, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, andperfluorinated C₄₋₁₀ alkanes; aromatic and hydrocarbyl-substitutedaromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene; alkylethers having from 1 to 4 carbons in each alkyl group such as diethylether, THF and dioxane; C₁₋₄ dialkyl ether derivatives of (poly)alkyleneglycols, such as DME; aromatic or aliphatic amines such astetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) and triethylamine (TEA);dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylacetamide (DMA); nitriles,especially acetonitrile, propanenitrile, benzonitrile; esters,especially methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate. Mixtures ofthe foregoing are also suitable. Preferred solvents includediethylether, toluene, DME and THF.

The recovery procedure usually involves a separation of the product fromthe reaction medium and/or any possible byproducts and/or unreactedstarting materials. The solvents and other volatile components areadvantageously removed via devolatilization of the reaction medium.Extraction into a secondary solvent may be employed if desired. Ifextraction is employed unpolar aliphatic, aromatic or chlorinatedsolvents can be used such as but not limited to pentane, hexane, octane,cycohexane, benzene, toluene, chloroform or dichloromethane and mixturesthereof. Alternatively, if the desired product is an insolubleprecipitate, filtration or other separation technique may be employed.

Exemplary, but non-limiting, examples for Group 3 metal, lanthanide oractinide compound according to formula VIII according to the inventioninclude the following neodymium compounds: Neodymium tribromide;neodymium trichloride; neodymium triiodide; neodymium trifluoride,neodymium chloride dibromide; neodymium bromide dichloride; neodymiumfluoride dibromide; neodymium bromide difluoride; neodymium fluoridedichloride; and neodymium chloride difluoride.

The skilled artisan will recognize that additional members of theforegoing list will include the corresponding Lewis base adductsthereof.

In general, the complexes described above can be prepared by contactinga Group 3 metal, lanthanide or actinide compound corresponding toFormula II (see above) with Group 1 or 2 compound(s), or a Lewis baseadduct thereof, corresponding to Formula IIIa or IIIb (see above), themolar ratio of the Group 3 metal, lanthanide or actinide compound(Formula II) to the Group 1 compound (Formula IIIa or IIIb) being from1:0.1 to 1:2.8, preferably from 1: 0.5 to 1:2.5, more preferably from1:1.1 to 1:2.5 and most preferably from 1:1.5 to 1: 2.5; and the molarratio of the Group 3 metal, lanthanide or actinide compound (Formula II)to the Group 2 compound (Formula IIIa or IIIb) being from 1:0.05 to1:1.4, preferably from 1 :0.25 to 1:1.25, more preferably from 1:0.6 to1:1.25 and most preferably from 1:0.75 to 1:1.25, in a suitablenoninterfering solvent or reaction medium at a temperature from −100° C.to 300° C., preferably from −78° C. to 150° C., most preferably from 0°C. to 125° C.

By noninterfering is meant that the solvent does not prevent formationof the metal complex according to Formulae Ia, Ib, IVa, IVb, Va, Vb, VIaor VIb. Suitable reaction media for the formation of the complexes arealiphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and halohydrocarbons, ethers,amines, alcohols, amides, nitriles and esters. Examples include straightand branched-chain hydrocarbons such as isobutane, butane, pentane,hexane, heptane, octane, and mixtures thereof, cyclic and alicyclichydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane,methylcycloheptane, and mixtures thereof; chlorinated-, fluorinated- orchlorofluorinated hydrocarbons such as chloroform, dichloromethane,chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, and perfluorinated C₄₋₁₀ alkanes;aromatic and hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compounds such as benzene,toluene, xylene, and styrene; alkyl ethers having from 1 to 4 carbons ineach alkyl group such as diethyl ether, THF and dioxane; C₁₋₄ dialkylether derivatives of (poly)alkylene glycols, such as DME; aromatic oraliphatic amines such as tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) andtriethylamine (TEA); dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylacetamide(DMA); nitriles, especially acetonitrile, propanenitrile, benzonitrile;esters, especially methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate.Mixtures of the foregoing are also suitable. Preferred solvents includediethylether, toluene, DME and THF.

The recovery procedure usually involves a separation of the product fromthe reaction medium and/or any possible byproducts and/or unreactedstarting materials. The solvents and other volatile components areadvantageously removed via devolatilization of the reaction medium.Extraction into a secondary solvent may be employed if desired. Ifextraction is employed, nonpolar aliphatic, aromatic or chlorinatedsolvents can be used such as but not limited to pentane, hexane, octane,cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, chloroform or dichloromethane andmixtures thereof. Alternatively, if the desired product is an insolubleprecipitate, filtration or other separation technique may be employed.

Exemplary, but non-limiting examples for Group 3 metal, lanthanide oractinide compound according to Formula II according to the inventioninclude the following neodymium compounds: Neodymium tribromide;neodymium trichloride; neodymium triiodide; neodymium trifluoride,neodymium chloride dibromide; neodymium bromide dichloride; neodymiumfluoride dibromide; neodymium bromide difluoride; neodymium fluoridedichloride; and neodymium chloride difluoride.

The skilled artisan will recognize that additional members of theforegoing list will include the corresponding Lewis base adductsthereof.

Exemplary, but non-limiting examples for Group 1 or 2 compound(s)according to formula IIIa, IIIb, IIIc or IIId according to the inventioninclude the following compounds:

-   Lithium[(N,N-diisopropylamide)];-   sodium[(N,N-diisopropylamide)];-   potassium[(N,N-diisopropylamide)];-   magnesium[(N,N-diisopropylamide)];-   lithium[(N,N-dipropylamide)];-   sodium[(N,N-dipropylamide)];-   potassium[(N,N-dipropylamide)];-   magnesium[(N,N-dipropylamide)];-   lithium[(N,N-diethylamide)];-   sodium[(N,N-diethylamide)];-   potassium[(N,N-diethylamide)];-   magnesium [(N,N-diethylamide)];-   lithium[(N-ethyl-N-methylamide)];-   sodium[(N-ethyl-N-methylamide)];-   potassium[(N-ethyl-N-methylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-ethyl-N-methylamide)];-   lithium[(N,N-dimethylamide)];-   sodium[(N,N-dimethylamide)];-   potassium[(N,N-dimethylamide)];-   magnesium [(N,N-diethylamide)];-   lithium[(N,N-dimethylamide)];-   sodium [(N,N-dimethylamide)];-   potassium[(N,N-dimethylamide)];-   magnesium[(N,N-dimethylamide)];-   lithium[(N,N-diisobutylamide)];-   sodium[(N,N-diisobutylamide)];-   potassium[(N,N-diisobutylamide)];-   magnesium[(N,N-diisobutylamide)];-   lithium[(N,N-dibutylamide)];-   sodium[(N,N-dibutylamide)];-   potassium[(N,N-dibutylamide)];-   magnesium[(N,N-dibutylamide)];-   lithium[(N-methyl-N-propylamide)];-   sodium[(N-methyl-N-propylamide)];-   potassium[(N-methyl-N-propylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-methyl-N-propylamide)];-   lithium[(N-methyl-N-butylamide)];-   sodium[(N-methyl-N-butylamide)];-   potassium[(N-methyl-N-butylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-methyl-N-butylamide)];-   lithium[(N-methyl-N-isobutylamide)];-   sodium[(N-methyl-N-isobutylamide)];-   potassium[(N-methyl-N-isobutylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-methyl-N-isobutylamide)];-   lithium[(N-methyl-N-tert.-butylamide)];-   sodium[(N-methyl-N-tert.-butylamide)];-   potassium[(N-methyl-N-tert.-butylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-methyl-N-tert.-butylamide)];-   lithium[(N-ethyl-N-butylamide)];-   sodium[(N-ethyl-N-butylamide)];-   potassium[(N-ethyl-N-butylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-ethyl-N-butylamide)];-   lithium[(N-propyl-N-butylamide)];-   sodium[(N-propyl-N-butylamide)];-   potassium[(N-propyl-N-butylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-propyl-N-butylamide)];-   lithium[(N,N-dipentylamide)];-   sodium[(N,N-dipentylamide)];-   potassium[(N,N-dipentylamide)];-   magnesium[(N,N-dipentylamide)];-   lithium[(N,N-dihexylamide)];-   sodium[(N,N-dihexylamide)];-   potassium[(N,N-dihexylamide)];-   magnesium[(N,N-dihexylamide)];-   lithium[(N,N-dioctylamide)];-   sodium[(N,N-dioctylamide)];-   potassium[(N,N-dioctylamide)];-   magnesium[(N,N-dioctylamide)];-   lithium[(N,N-didecylamide)];-   sodium[(N,N-didecylamide)];-   potassium[(N,N-didecylamide)];-   magnesium[(N,N-didecylamide)];-   lithium[(N-benzyl-N-propylamide)];-   sodium[(N-benzyl-N-propylamide)];-   potassium[(N-benzyl-N-propylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-benzyl-N-propylamide)];-   lithium[(N-benzyl-N-methylamide)];-   sodium[(N-benzyl-N-methylamide)];-   potassium[(N-benzyl-N-methylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-benzyl-N-methylamide)];-   lithium[(N-benzyl-N-butylamide)];-   sodium[(N-benzyl-N-butylamide)];-   potassium[(N-benzyl-N-butylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-benzyl-N-butylamide)];-   lithium[(N-benzyl-N-s-butylamide)];-   sodium[(N-benzyl-N-s-butylamide)];-   potassium[(N-benzyl-N-s-butylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-benzyl-N-s-butylamide)];-   lithium[(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamide)];-   sodium[(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamide)];-   potassium[(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-benzyl-N-iso-butylamide)];-   lithium[(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamide)];-   sodium[(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamide)];-   potassium[(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-cyclohexyl-N-propylamide)];-   lithium[(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamide)];-   sodium[(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamide)];-   potassium[(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-cyclohexyl-N-methylamide)];-   lithium[(N-cyclohexyl-N-tert.-butylamide)];-   sodium[(N-cyclohexyl-N-tert.-butylamide)];-   potassium[(N-cyclohexyl-N-tert.-butylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-cyclohexyl-N-tert.-butylamide)];-   lithium[(N,N-diphenylamide)];-   sodium[(N,N-diphenylamide)];-   potassium[(N,N-diphenylamide)];-   magnesium[(N,N-diphenylamide)];-   lithium[(N,N-phenylbenzylamide)];-   sodium[(N,N-phenylbenzylamide)];-   potassium[(N,N-phenylbenzylamide)];-   magnesium[(N,N-phenylbenzylamide)];-   lithium[(N-pyrrolylamide)];-   sodium[(N-pyrrolylamide)];-   potassium[(N-pyrrolylamide)];-   magnesium[(N-pyrrolylamide)];-   lithium[(N-piperidylamide)];-   sodium[(N-piperidylamide)];-   potassium[(N-piperidylamide];-   magnesium[(N-piperidylamide];-   lithium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amide)];-   sodium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amide)];-   potassium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amide];-   magnesium[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amide];-   lithium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amide)];-   sodium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amide)];-   potassium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amide];-   magnesium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-tert.butyl-silyl)amide];-   lithium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amide)];-   sodium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amide)];-   potassium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amide].-   magnesium[N,N-bis(dimethyl-benzyl-silyl)amide].

The skilled artisan will recognize that additional members of theforegoing list will include the corresponding Lewis base adducts andgroup 1 metal halide adducts thereof.

The catalyst compositions which are useful in the polymerization ofethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizable monomers or in thecopolymerization of ethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizablemonomers with at least one different type of ethylenically unsaturatedaddition polymerizable monomer, preferably catalyst compositions whichare useful in the polymerization of conjugated ethylenically unsaturatedaddition polymerizable monomers or in the copolymerization of conjugatedethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizable monomers with at leastone different type of ethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizablemonomer, according to the invention comprise

1) a combination or one or more of the above metal complexes and one ormore activators (cocatalyst) and optionally a support or

2) the reaction product formed by contacting one or more of the abovemetal complexes with one or more activators and optionally a support or

3) the product formed by subjecting one or more of the above mentionedmetal complexes and optionally a support to activating techniques.

The catalyst compositions are formed by rendering the metal complexescatalytically active in a process 1) contacting one or more of the abovemetal complexes with one or more activators and optionally a support or2) by subjecting one or more of the above metal complexes to activatingtechniques optionally in the presence of a support.

The process for the activation of the metal complexes with an activatoror cocatalyst or by an activating technique can be performed during aseparate reaction step optionally including an isolation of theactivated compound or preferably can be performed in situ in thepolymerization reactor or just prior to it in an aging reactor, forexample. The activation is preferably performed in situ if, after theactivation of the metal complex, separation and/or purification of theactivated complex is not necessary. The process for the activation ofthe metal complexes is carried out in a suitable noninterfering solventor reaction medium at a temperature from −78° C. to 250° C., preferablyfrom −5° C. to 160° C., more preferably from 10° C. to 110° C. Suitablereaction media for the formation of the catalysts compositions arealiphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and halohydrocarbons. Examplesinclude straight and branched-chain hydrocarbons such as isobutane,butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, and mixtures thereof, cyclicand alicyclic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, cycloheptane,methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, and mixtures thereof;chlorinated-, fluorinated- or chlorofluorinated hydrocarbons such aschloroform, dichloromethane, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, andperfluorinated C₄₋₁₀ alkanes; aromatic and hydrocarbyl-substitutedaromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene.Advantageously, the reaction medium used for the activation is the samereaction medium as is used in the subsequent polymerization, obviatingthe need to use a secondary solvent system. In addition to the reactionmedia mentioned above, this includes heptane or mineral oil fractionssuch as light or regular petrol, naphtha, kerosine or gas oil and otherlow-priced aliphatic hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof, as marketed bythe petrochemical industry as solvent. An advantage of the invention isthat the metal complex catalyst precursors according to the inventioncan be stored at room temperature or even at elevated temperatures suchas, for example, but not limited to, 50° C., in the solid state forextended periods of time. In addition, solutions of the catalyst insuitable solvents also can be stored at room temperature at least forhours. This greatly increases the flexibility of production in anindustrial plant. A further advantage of the invention is that thecatalysts of the invention usually do not require a separate aging step(see Run 1-11, 13, 16, 18) and if it is desirable to employ an optionalaging step, it advantageously does not require long aging times (see Run12, 17). Therefore, it is possible to start the polymerization reactionjust by adding the catalyst components in the desired order into thepolymerization reactor. The polymerization can be started for exampleeither by addition of the metal complex as the last component (see forexample Runs 2, 3 and 5) or by the addition of the conjugated diene asthe last component. If an optional aging step is incorporated into thecatalyst preparation/polymerization procedure, the aging time is short,such as less than 60 minutes, preferably less than 40 minutes, morepreferably less than 30 min, even more preferably less than 10 min, oreven shorter than that and can be performed in a broad temperaturerange, such as, but not limited to, 0° C. to 150° C. with high catalystactivity. The temperature ranges of the catalyst preparation, catalystaging and polymerization are independently selected and are between −50°C. and +250° C., preferably between −5 and +160° C., more preferablybetween 10° C. and 110° C. For example, the catalyst activity ofpolymerization Run 8 (polymerization temperature 70° C.), amounts to17,0 kg of polybutadiene per mmol neodymium per hour depending on thepolymer conversion ([kg {polymer}/mmol {Nd}[hr]]. In another example,the catalyst activity of polymerization Run 17 (polymerizationtemperature 80° C.), amounts to 529,1 g of polybutadiene per mmolneodymium per hour ([kg {polymer}/mmol {Nd}[hr]]). It is beneficial thatthe polymerization reaction can be induced without substantial waitingperiod (delay) upon addition of the last catalyst component into thepolymerization reactor.

Suitable activating cocatalysts for use herein include:

1) neutral Lewis acids, especially a) organo Group 13 compounds,especially i) C₁₋₃₀ organoboron or organoaluminum compounds moreespecially (hydrocarbyl)aluminum- or (hydrocarbyl)boron compounds, evenmore especially triaryl and trialkyl aluminum compounds, such astriethyl aluminum, triisobutyl aluminum, trioctylaluminum; alkylaluminum hydrides, such as diisobutylaluminum hydride; alkylalkoxyaluminum compounds, such as dibutylethoxyaluminum; halogenated aluminumcompounds, such as diethylaluminum chloride, ethylaluminum dichloride,diisobutylaluminum chloride, ethyl(octyl)aluminum chloride,ethylaluminum sesquichloride, ethyl(cyclohexyl)aluminum chloride,dicyclohexylaluminum chloride, dioctylaluminum chloride, and

ii) organohalogenated (including perhalogenated) derivatives of organoGroup 13 compounds, especially halogenated C₁₋₃₀ organoboron ororganoaluminum compounds, more especially halogenated(hydrocarbyl)aluminum- or (hydrocarbyl)boron compounds, more especiallyfluorinated or perfluorinated tri(aryl)boron or—aluminum compounds, suchas tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron, tris(pentafluorophenyl)aluminum,tris(o-nonafluorobiphenyl)boron, tris(o-nonafluorobiphenyl)aluminum,tris[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]boron,tris[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]aluminum; or

b) polymeric or oligomeric alumoxanes, especially methylalumoxane (MAO),triisobutyl aluminum-modified methylalumoxane (MMAO), orisobutylalumoxane; or

2) nonpolymeric, compatible, noncoordinating, ion-forming compounds(including the use of such compounds under oxidizing conditions),especially the use of ammonium-, phosphonium-, oxonium-, carbonium-,silylium-, sulfonium-, or ferrocenium-salts of compatible,noncoordinating anions; and combinations of the foregoing activatingcompounds. The foregoing activating cocatalysts have been previouslytaught with respect to different metal complexes in the followingreferences: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,132,380, 5,153,157, 5,064,802, 5,321,106,5,721,185, 5,350,723, and WO-97/04234, equivalent to U.S. Ser. No.08/818,530, filed Mar. 14, 1997.

Suitable activators for use herein include hydrocarbyl sodium,hydrocarbyl lithium, hydrocarbyl zinc, hydrocarbyl magnesium halide,dihydrocarbyl magnesium, especially alkyl sodium, alkyl lithium, alkylzinc, alkyl magnesium halide, dialkyl magnesium, such as n-octylsodium,butyllithium, neopentyllithium, methyllithium, ethyllithium,phenyllithium, diethylzinc, dibutylzinc, butylmagnesium chloride,ethylmagnesium chloride, octylmagnesium chloride, dibutylmagnesium,dioctylmagnesium, butyl(octyl)magnesium.

Especially desirable activating cocatalysts for use herein arecombinations of neutral optional Lewis acids, especially the combinationof a trialkyl aluminum compound having from 1 to 4 carbons in each alkylgroup with one or more C₁₋₃₀ hydrocarbyl-substituted Group 13 Lewis acidcompounds, especially halogenated tri(hydrocarbyl)boron or -aluminumcompounds having from 1 to 20 carbons in each hydrocarbyl group,especially tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane ortris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane, further combinations of such neutralLewis acid mixtures with a polymeric or oligomeric alumoxane, andcombinations of a single neutral Lewis acid, especiallytris(pentafluorophenyl)borane or tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane, with apolymeric or oligomeric alumoxane. A benefit according to the presentinvention is the discovery that the most efficient catalyst activationusing such a combination of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane/alumoxanemixture occurs at reduced levels of alumoxane. Preferred molar ratios ofthe metal complex:tris(pentafluorophenylborane:alumoxane are from 1:1:1to 1:5:5, more preferably from 1:1:1.5 to 1:5:3. The surprisingefficient use of lower levels of alumoxane with the present inventionallows for the production of diene polymers with high catalyticefficiencies using less of the expensive alumoxane activator.Additionally, polymers with lower levels of aluminum residue, and hencegreater clarity, are obtained.

Suitable ion-forming compounds useful as activators in one embodiment ofthe present invention comprise a cation which is a Brönsted acid capableof donating a proton, and a compatible, noncoordinating or poorlycoordinating anion. As used herein, the term “noncoordinating” means ananion or substance which either does not coordinate to the metalcontaining precursor complex and the catalytic derivative derivedtherefrom, or which is only weakly coordinated to such complexes therebyremaining sufficiently labile to be displaced by a Lewis base such asolefin monomer in a manner such that the polymerization may proceed. Anoncoordinating anion specifically refers to an anion which whenfunctioning as a charge-balancing anion in a cationic metal complex doesnot transfer an anionic substituent or fragment thereof to said cationthereby forming neutral complexes. “Compatible anions” are anions whichare not degraded to neutrality when the initially formed complexdecomposes and are noninterfering with desired subsequent polymerizationor other uses of the complex.

Preferred anions are those containing a single coordination complexcomprising a charge-bearing metal or metalloid core which anion iscapable of balancing the charge of the active catalyst species (themetal cation) which may be formed when the two components are combined.Also, said anion should be sufficiently labile to be displaced byolefinic, diolefinic and acetylenically unsaturated compounds or otherneutral Lewis bases such as ethers or nitriles. Suitable metals include,but are not limited to, aluminum, gold and platinum. Suitable metalloidsinclude, but are not limited to, boron, phosphorus, and silicon.Compounds containing anions which comprise coordination complexescontaining a single metal or metalloid atom are, of course, well knownand many, particularly such compounds containing a single boron atom inthe anion portion, are available commercially. Preferably suchactivators may be represented by the following general formula:(L*−H)⁺ _(d)A^(d−)wherein:

L* is a neutral Lewis base;

(L*−H)⁺ is a Brönsted acid;

A^(d−) is a noncoordinating, compatible anion having a charge of d−, and

d is an integer from I to 3.

More preferably A^(d−) corresponds to the formula:[M*Q₄]⁻;

wherein:

M* is boron or aluminum in the +3 formal oxidation state; and

Q independently each occurrence is selected from hydride, dialkylamido,halide, hydrocarbyl, halohydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, hydrocarbyloxide,hydrocarbyloxy substituted-hydrocarbyl, organometalsubstituted-hydrocarbyl, organometalloid substituted-hydrocarbyl,halohydrocarbyloxy, halohydrocarbyloxy substituted hydrocarbyl,halocarbyl-substituted hydrocarbyl, and halo-substitutedsilylhydrocarbyl radicals (including perhalogenated hydrocarbyl-,perhalogenated hydrocarbyloxy- and perhalogenated silythydrocarbylradicals), said Q having up to 20 carbon atoms with the proviso that innot more than one occurrence is Q halide. Examples of suitablehydrocarbyloxide Q groups are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,433.

In a more preferred embodiment, d is one, that is, the counterion has asingle negative charge and is A⁻. Activating cocatalysts comprisingboron which are particularly useful in the preparation of catalysts ofthis invention may be represented by the following general formula:(L*−H)⁺(BQ₄)⁻;wherein:

(L*−H)⁺ is as previously defined;

B is boron in a formal oxidation state of 3; and

Q is a hydrocarbyl-, hydrocarbyloxy-, fluorinated hydrocarbyl-,fluorinated hydrocarbyloxy-, or fluorinated silylhydrocarbyl-group of upto 20 nonhydrogen atoms, with the proviso that in not more than oneoccasion is Q hydrocarbyl.

Most preferably, Q is each occurrence a fluorinated aryl group,especially, a pentafluorophenyl or nonafluorobiphenyl group. PreferredBQ₄ ⁻ anions are methyltris(pentafluorophenyl)borate,tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate or tetrakis(nonafluorobiphenyl)borate.

Illustrative, but not limiting, examples of boron compounds which may beused as an activating cocatalyst in the preparation of the improvedcatalysts of this invention are trisubstituted ammonium salts such as:trimethylammonium tetraphenylborate, tri(n-butyl)ammoniumtetraphenylborate, methyldioctadecylammonium tetraphenylborate,triethylammonium tetraphenylborate, tripropylammonium tetraphenylborate,tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetraphenylborate,methyltetradecyloctadecylammonium tetraphenylborate,N,N-dimethylanilinium tetraphenylborate, N,N-diethylaniliniumtetraphenylborate, N,N,-2,4,6-pentamethylanilinium) tetraphenylborate,N,N-dimethyl anilinium bis(7,8-dicarbundecaborate) cobaltate (III),trimethylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,methyldi(tetradecyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate,methyldi(octadecyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate,triethylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tripropylammoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tri(sec-butyl)ammoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, N,N-dimethylaniliniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, N,N-diethylaniliniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, N,N,2,4,6-pentamethylanilinium)tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, trimethylammoniumtetrakis(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, triethylammoniumtetrakis(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, tripropylammoniumtetrakis(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammoniumtetrakis(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl) borate, dimethyl(t-butyl) ammoniumtetrakis(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, N,N-dimethylaniliniumtetrakis(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl) borate, N,N-diethylaniliniumtetrakis(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl) borate, andN,N,2,4,6-pentamethylanilinium)tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate; dialkyl ammonium salts suchas: di(octadecyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,di(tetradecyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, anddicyclohexylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate; trisubstitutedphosphonium salts such as: triphenylphosphoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, methyldi(octadecyl)phosphoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate, andtris(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.

Preferred are tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate salts of long chainalkyl mono- di- and trisubstituted ammonium complexes, especiallyC₁₄-C₂₀ alkyl ammonium complexes, especially methyldi(octadecyl)ammonium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl)borate andmethyldi(tetradecyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, ormixtures including the same. Such mixtures include protonated ammoniumcations derived from amines comprising two C₁₄, C₁₆ or C₁₈ alkyl groupsand one methyl group. Such amines are available from Witco Corp., underthe trade name Kemamine™ T9701, and from Akzo-Nobel under the trade nameArmeen™ M2HT.

Examples of the most highly preferred catalyst activators herein includethe foregoing trihydrocarbylammonium-, especially,methylbis(tetradecyl)ammonium- or methylbis(octadecyl)ammonium-salts of:bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)imidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-2-undecylimidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-2-heptadecylimidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-4,5-bis(undecyl)imidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-4,5-bis(heptadecyl)imidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)imidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-2-undecylimidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-2-heptadecylimidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-4,5-bis(undecyl)imidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-4,5-bis(heptadecyl)imidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane)-5,6-bis(undecyl)benzimidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)imidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-2-undecylimidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-2-heptadecylimidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-4,5-bis(undecyl)imidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-4,5-bis(heptadecyl)imidazolide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)imidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-2-undecylimidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-2-heptadecylimidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-4,5-bis(undecyl)imidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-4,5-bis(heptadecyl)imidazolinide,bis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolide, andbis(tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane)-5,6-bis(undecyl)benzimidazolide. Theforegoing activating cocatalysts have been previously taught withrespect to different metal complexes in the following reference: EP 1560 752 A1.

Another suitable ammonium salt, especially for use in heterogeneouscatalyst systems, is formed upon reaction of an organometal compound,especially a tri(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aluminum compound with an ammonium salt of ahydroxyaryltris(fluoroaryl)borate compound. The resulting compound is anorganometaloxyaryltris(fluoroaryl)borate compound which is generallyinsoluble in aliphatic liquids. Examples of suitable compounds includethe reaction product of a tri(C₁₋₆ alkyl)aluminum compound with theammonium salt of hydroxyaryltris(aryl)borate. Suitablehydroxyaryltris(aryl)borates include the ammonium salts, especially theforegoing long chain alkyl ammonium salts of:

-   (4-dimethylaluminumoxyphenyl)tris(pentafluorophenyl) borate,    (4-dimethylaluminumoxy-3,5-di(trimethylsilyl)phenyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate,    (4-dimethylaluminumoxy-3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (4-dimethylaluminumoxybenzyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl) borate,    (4-dimethylaluminumoxy-3-methylphenyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate,    (4-dimethylaluminumoxy-tetrafluorophenyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (5-dimethylaluminumoxy-2-naphthyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, 4-(4-dimethylaluminumoxyphenyl)    phenyltris(pentafluorophenyl)borate,    4-(2-(4-(dimethylaluminumoxyphenyl)propane-2-yl)phenyloxy)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (4-diethylaluminumoxyphenyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl) borate,    (4-diethylaluminumoxy-3,5-di(trimethylsilyl)phenyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate,    (4-diethylalumninumoxy-3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (4-diethylaluminumoxybenzyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (4-diethylaluminumoxy-3-methylphenyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate,    (4-diethylaluminumoxy-tetrafluorophenyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (5-diethylaluminumoxy-2-naphthyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl) borate, 4-(4-diethylaluminumoxyphenyl)phenyl    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate,    4-(2-(4-(diethylaluminumoxyphenyl)propane-2-yl)phenyloxy)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (4-diisopropylaluminumoxyphenyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate,    (4-diisopropylalumiumoxy-3,5-di(trimethylsilyl)phenyl)tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate,    (4-diisopropylaluminumoxy-3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (4-diisopropylaluminumoxybenzyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate,    (4-diisopropylaluminumoxy-3-methylphenyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate,    (4-diisopropylaluminumoxy-tetrafluorophenyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (5-diisopropylaluminumoxy-2-naphthyl)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate,    4-(4-diisopropylaluminumoxyphenyl)phenyl    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, and    4-(2-(4-(diisopropylaluminumoxyphenyl)propane-2-yl)phenyloxy)    tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate.

Especially preferred ammonium compounds are methyldi(tetradecyl)ammonium(4-diethylaluminumoxyphenyl) tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate,methyldi(hexadecyl)ammonium (4-diethylaluminumoxyphenyl)tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, methyldi(octadecyl)ammonium(4-diethylaluminumoxyphenyl) tris(pentafluorophenyl) borate, andmixtures thereof. The foregoing complexes are disclosed in U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,834,393 and 5,783,512.

Another suitable ion-forming, activating cocatalyst comprises a salt ofa cationic oxidizing agent and a noncoordinating, compatible anionrepresented by the formula:(Ox^(e+))_(d)(A^(d−))_(e),wherein

Ox^(e+) is a cationic oxidizing agent having a charge of e+;

d is an integer from 1 to 3;

e is an integer from 1 to 3; and

A^(d−) is as previously defined.

Examples of cationic oxidizing agents include: ferrocenium,hydrocarbyl-substituted ferrocenium, Pb⁺² or Ag⁺. Preferred embodimentsof A^(d−) are those anions previously defined with respect to theBrönsted acid containing activating cocatalysts, especiallytetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.

Another suitable ion-forming, activating cocatalyst comprises a compoundwhich is a salt of a carbenium ion and a noncoordinating, compatibleanion represented by the formula@⁺A⁻wherein:

@⁺ is a C₁₋₂₀ carbenium ion; and

A⁻ is a noncoordinating, compatible anion having a charge of −1. Apreferred carbenium ion is the trityl cation, especiallytriphenylmethylium.

Preferred carbenium salt activating cocatalysts are triphenylmethyliumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylmethyliumtetrakis(nonafluorobiphenyl)borate, tritolylmethyliumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate and ether substituted adducts thereof.

A further suitable ion-forming, activating cocatalyst comprises acompound which is a salt of a silylium ion and a noncoordinating,compatible anion represented by the formulaR₃Si⁺A⁻wherein:

R is C₁₋₁₀ hydrocarbyl; and

A⁻ is as previously defined.

Preferred silylium salt activating cocatalysts are trimethylsilyliumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, trimethylsilyliumtetrakis(nonafluorobiphenyl)borate, triethylsilyliumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate and other substituted adducts thereof.Silylium salts have been previously generically disclosed in J. ChemSoc. Chem. Comm., 1993, 383-384, as well as Lambert, J. B., et al.,Organometallics, 1994, 13, 2430-2443. The use of the above silyliumsalts as activating cocatalysts for addition polymerization catalysts isclaimed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,087.

Certain complexes of alcohols, mercaptans, silanols, and oximes withtris(pentafluorophenyl)borane are also effective catalyst activators andmay be used according to the present invention. Such activators aredisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,433.

The activating cocatalysts may also be used in combination. Anespecially preferred combination is a mixture of atri(hydrocarbyl)aluminum or tri(hydrocarbyl)borane compound having from1 to 4 carbons in each hydrocarbyl group with an oligomeric or polymericalumoxane compound.

The molar ratio of catalyst/activator employed preferably ranges from1:10,000 to 10:1, more preferably from 1:5000 to 10:1, most preferablyfrom 1:2500 to 1:1. Alumoxane, when used by itself as an activatingcocatalyst, is preferably employed in large molar ratio, generally atleast 50 times the quantity of metal complex on a molar basis.Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, where used as an activating cocatalyst,is preferably employed in a molar ratio to the metal complex of from0.5:1 to 10:1, more preferably from 1:1 to 6:1 most preferably from 1:1to 5:1. The remaining activating cocatalysts are generally preferablyemployed in approximately equimolar quantity with the metal complex.

If the above-mentioned ion-forming compound comprising a compatiblenon-coordinating or poorly coordinating anion is used as the activator,it is preferable for the metal complex according to the invention to bealkylated (that is, one of the X groups of the metal complex is an alkylor aryl group). Activators comprising boron are preferred. Mostpreferred are activators comprising tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, tris(o-nonafluorobiphenyl)borane,tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,tris(pentafluorophenyl)alumane, tris(o-nonafluorobiphenyl)alumane.

The molar ratio of the activator relative to the metal center in themetal complex in the case an organometallic compound is selected as theactivator, usually is in a range of from 1:10 to 10,000:1, morepreferably from 1:10 to 5000:1 and most preferably in a range of from1:1 to 2,500:1. If a compound containing or yielding a non-coordinatingor poorly coordinating anion is selected as activator, the molar ratiousually is in a range of from 1:100 to 1,000:1, and preferably is inrange of from 1:2 to 250:1.

Especially desirable activating cocatalysts for use herein arecombinations of neutral optional Lewis acids, especially the combinationof a trialkyl aluminum compound having from 1 to 4 carbons in each alkylgroup with one or more C₁₋₃₀ hydrocarbyl-substituted Group 13 Lewis acidcompounds, especially halogenated tetrakis(hydrocarbyl)boron or—aluminumcompounds having from 1 to 20 carbons in each hydrocarbyl group,especially tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, further combinations ofa single neutral Lewis acid, especiallytetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate ortetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, with a polymeric oroligomeric alumoxane. A benefit according to the present invention isthe discovery that the most efficient catalyst activation using such acombination of tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borane/alumoxane mixtureoccurs at reduced levels of alumoxane.

Preferred molar ratios of the metalcomplex:tetrakis(pentafluorophenylborane:alumoxane from 1:1:1 to1:5:1.000, more preferably from 1:1:1.5 to 1:5:500. The surprisingefficient use of lower levels of alumoxane with the present inventionallows for the production of diene polymers with high catalyticefficiencies using less of the expensive alumoxane activator.Additionally, polymers with lower levels of aluminum residue, and hencegreater clarity, are obtained. Preferred molar ratios of the metalcomplex:tetrakis(pentafluorophenylborane:neutral optional Lewis acidsespecially trialkyl aluminum or dialkyl aluminum hydride compounds arefrom 1:1:10 to 1:10:1000, more preferably from 1:1:20 to 1:5:500. Alsoin this case polymers are obtained with lower levels ofaluminum.residue, and hence greater clarity, are obtained.

Especially desirable activating cocatalysts for use herein are neutraloptional Lewis acids, especially the combination of a trihydrocarbonylaluminum compound, more especially trialkyl aluminum compound havingfrom 1 to 5 carbons in each alkyl group with neutral Lewis acidscontaining at least one metal halide bond, especially perhalogenatedmetals or transition metals, especially boron trifluoride, borontrichloride, boron tribromide, aluminum trifluoride, aluminumtrichloride, aluminum tribromide, scandium trifluoride, titaniumtetrafluoride, further combinations of a single neutral Lewis acid,especially boron trifluoride, boron trichloride, boron tribromide,aluminum trifluoride, aluminum trichloride, aluminum tribromide,scandium trifluoride, titanium tetrafluoride, with a polymeric oroligomeric alumoxane in a molar ratio of the metal complex:metalfluoride:alumoxane from 1:1:1 to 1:5:10.000, more preferably from 1:1:10to 1:5:5.000; and further combinations of a single neutral Lewis acid,especially boron trifluoride, boron trichloride, boron tribromide,aluminum trifluoride, aluminum trichloride, aluminum tribromide,scandium trifluoride, titanium tetrafluoride, with trialkyl aluminum ordialkyl aluminum hydride compounds in a molar ratio of the metalcomplex:tetrakis(pentafluorophenylborane:trialkyl aluminum or dialkylaluminum hydride compound from 1:1:10 to 1:10:1000, more preferably from1:1:20 to 1:5:500.

In addition to the metal complex according to the invention and theactivator, the catalyst composition can also contain a small amount ofanother organometallic compound that is used as a so-called scavengeragent. The scavenger agent is added to react with or passivateactivity-decreasing impurities in the reaction mixture. It may be addedat any time, but normally is added to the reaction mixture beforeaddition of the metal complex and the activator (cocatalyst). Usuallyorganoaluminum compounds are used as scavenger agents. Examples ofsuitable scavengers are trioctylaluminum, triethylaluminum,diethylaluminum chloride, tri-isobutylaluminum, methylalumoxane or MMAO.The metal complex as well as the activator can be present in thecatalyst composition as a single component or as a mixture of severalcomponents. For instance, a mixture may be desired where there is a needto influence the molecular properties of the polymer, such as molecularweight distribution.

The reaction system optionally contains a solid material, which servesas carrier or support material for the activator component and/or themetal complex. The carrier material can be chosen from one of thefollowing materials: clay, silica, charcoal (activated carbon),graphite, expanded clay, expanded graphite, carbon black, layeredsilicates, and alumina. Clays and layered silicates include, but are notlimited to, magadiite, montmorillonite, hectorite, sepiolite,attapulgite, smectite, and laponite. Supported catalyst systems of theinvention may be prepared by several methods. The metal complex andoptionally the activator can be combined before the addition of thesupport material. The mixture may be prepared in conventional solutionin a normally liquid alkane or aromatic solvent. The solvent ispreferably also suitable for use as a polymerization diluent for theliquid phase polymerization of an olefin monomer. Alternatively, theactivator can be placed on the support material followed by the additionof the metal complex or conversely, the metal complex may be applied tothe support material followed by the addition of the activator. Thesupported catalyst maybe prepolymerized. In addition, third componentscan be added during any stage of the preparation of the supportedcatalyst. Third components can be defined as compounds containing Lewisacidic or basic functionalities exemplified by, but not limited to,compounds such as N,N-dimethylaniline, tetraethoxysilane,phenyltriethoxysilane, and bis-tert-butylhydroxytoluene (BHT). Thecatalyst can be supported onto the carrier material using techniquessuch as the solid-phase immobilization (SPI) technique described by H.C. L. Abbenhuis in Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37 (1998) 356-58 and by M.Buisio et al., in Microporous Mater., 5 (1995) 211 and by J. S. Beck etal., in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114 (1992) 10834, as well as the pore volumeimpregnation (PVI) technique (see WO 97/24344). The isolation of theimpregnated carrier can be done by filtration or by removing thevolatile material present (that is, solvent) under reduced pressure orby heating.

The support, if present, is preferably employed in an amount to providea weight ratio of catalyst (based on metal): support from 1:100,000 to1:10, more preferably from 1:50,000 to 1:20, and most preferably from1:10,000 to 1:30. Suitable gas phase reactions may utilize condensationof the monomer or monomers employed in the reaction, or of an inertdiluent to remove heat from the reactor.

In the polymerization process the catalyst is used in a catalyticallyeffective amount, that is, any amount that successfully results in theformation of polymer. Such amounts may be readily determined by routineexperimentation by the worker skilled in the art, but typically themolar ratio of catalyst:polymerizable compounds employed is from 10⁻¹²:1to 10⁻¹:1, more preferably from 10⁻¹²:1 to 10⁻³:1.

The catalysts may be used to homopolymerize or copolymerizeethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizable monomers preferablyconjugated ethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizable monomershaving from 2 to 100,000 carbon atoms either alone for homopolymers orin combination with a different type of ethylenically unsaturatedaddition polymerizable monomers for copolymers. Preferred monomersinclude α-olefins selected from ethene, propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene,1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-octene, styrene, alpha methylstyrene,divinyl benzene, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid ester, methylmethacrylate,ethylmethacrylate and n-butylmethacrylate and conjugated dienes chosenfrom the group comprising internal conjugated olefins, cyclic conjugatedolefins and non-cyclic conjugated olefins. Preferred conjugated dienesare 1,3-butadiene, isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene),2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, 2,4-hexadiene,1,3-hexadiene, 1,4-hexadiene, 1,3-heptadiene, 1,3-octadiene,2-methyl-2,4-pentadiene, cyclopentadiene, 2,4-hexadiene,1,3-cyclooctadiene. More preferably butadiene, isoprene and/orcyclopentadiene is used as conjugated diene and ethylene, propene andstyrene is used as α-olefin.

Especially desirably formed polymers using the catalyst in thepolymerization process of the invention are homo-, co- and terpolymersof conjugated dienes, especially butadiene or isoprene, and random orblock copolymers of at least one conjugated diene, especially butadiene,with at least one different type of conjugated diene, especiallyisoprene, or with an α-olefin, especially ethylene, propene and styrene.Especially preferred are homopolymerization of butadiene or isoprene andrandom or block copolymerization, optionally terpolymerization, of atleast one conjugated diene, especially butadiene with at least onedifferent type of conjugated diene, especially isoprene, or with atleast one α-olefin, especially styrene. Highly preferred homopolymerscomprise butadiene and highly preferred copolymers comprise conjugateddienes chosen from butadiene or isoprene or comprise butadiene andstyrene.

In general, the homopolymerization of the conjugated diene or thecopolymerization of one type the conjugated diene monomers with a secondtype of monomer, an α-olefin or a conjugated diene monomer may beaccomplished at conditions well known in the prior art for Ziegler-Nattaor Kaminsky-Sinn type polymerization reactions, such as temperaturesfrom −50-250° C. The polymerization can be effected at atmosphericpressure, at sub-atmospheric pressure, or at elevated pressures of upto, or even higher than 500 MPa, continuously or discontinuously.Preferably, the homo- or copolymerization is performed at pressuresbetween 0.01 and 500 MPa, most preferably between 0.01 and 10 MPa, inparticular between 0.1-2 MPa. Higher pressures can be applied. In such ahigh-pressure process the metal complex according to the presentinvention can also be used with good results. Slurry and solutionpolymerizations normally take place at lower pressures, preferably below10 MPa. The polymerization can be carried out in the gas phase as wellas in a liquid reaction medium. The polymerization is generallyconducted under batch, continuous or semicontinuous polymerizationconditions. The polymerization process can be conducted as a gas phasepolymerization (for example, in a fluidized bed or stirred bed reactor),as a solution polymerization, wherein the homopolymer or copolymerformed is substantially soluble in the reaction mixture, asuspension/slurry polymerization, wherein the polymer formed issubstantially insoluble in the reaction medium, as a solid phase powderpolymerization or as a so-called bulk polymerization process, in whichan excess of monomer to be polymerized is used as the reaction medium.

The catalysts may also be utilized in combination with at least oneadditional homogeneous or heterogeneous polymerization catalyst in thesame or in separate reactors connected in series or in parallel toprepare polymer blends having desirable properties. An example of such aprocess is disclosed in WO 94/00500, equivalent to U.S. Ser. No.07/904,770, as well as U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,045.

The quantity of catalyst to be used generally is such that itsconcentration in the solvent or dispersion agent amounts to 10⁻⁸-10⁻³mol/L, preferably 10⁻⁷-10⁻⁴ mol/L.

Suitable solvents, dispersion agents or diluents for the polymerizationor copolymerization process via a solution or slurry process aretypically noncoordinating, inert liquids and can be chosen from thegroup comprising, but not limited to, straight and branched-chainhydrocarbons such as propane, butane, isobutane, pentane, hexane,heptane, octane, cyclic and alicyclic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane,cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, aromatic andalkyl-substituted aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, andxylene and isomers of the foregoing and mixtures thereof as well aspentamethyl heptane or mineral oil fractions such as light or regularpetrol, naphtha, kerosine or gas oil. Fluorinated hydrocarbon fluidssuch as perfluorinated C₄₋₁₀ alkanes are also suitable. Further suitablesolvents include liquid olefins which may act as comonomers in thepolymerization process including cyclopentadiene, butadiene isoprene,butene, pentene and hexene and cyclooctadiene, including isomers of theforegoing. Mixtures of the foregoing are also suitable. Aromatichydrocarbons, for instance benzene and toluene, can also be used. Out ofcost considerations it is preferred therefore to use low-pricedaliphatic hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof in polymerization processeson a technical scale as marketed by the petrochemical industry assolvent. If an aliphatic hydrocarbon is used as solvent, the solvent mayoptionally contain minor quantities of aromatic hydrocarbon, forinstance toluene. Thus, if for instance methyl aluminoxane (MAO) is usedas activator, toluene can be used as solvent for the MAO in order tosupply the MAO in dissolved form to the polymerization reactor. Dryingor purification of the solvents is desirable if such solvents are used;this can be done without problems by known methods by one skilled in theart.

Preferably the polymerization or copolymerization is conducted underbatch, continuous or semicontinous solution or bulk polymerizationconditions in hydrocarbons such as propylene, propane, butane, butene,pentane, hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, includingisomers of the foregoing and mixtures thereof at temperatures from −10°C. and 200° C., preferably from 0° to 130° C. The polymerization may beconducted in one or more continuous stirred reactors or fluidized bed,gas phase reactors, connected in series or parallel. Monomer and/orsolvent may be added to the reactor as is well known in the art. Thecatalyst may also be supported and/or prepolymerized prior to use. Acontinuous process is preferred, in which event advantageously themixture of reaction components of catalyst, solvent and dienes issubstantially supplied continuously or at frequent intervals into thereactor system and is continuously monitored so as to ensure anefficient reaction and the desired product which is continuously removedtherefrom. For example, it is well known that many supportedcoordination catalysts and catalyst systems for polymerization processesare highly sensitive, in varying degrees, to catalyst poisons such aswater, oxygen, carbon oxides, acetylenic compounds and sulfur compounds.Introduction of such compounds may result in reactor upset andproduction of off-grade product. Typically, computer control systems maybe used to maintain process variables within acceptable limits, often bymeasuring polymer variables such as temperature, viscosity, molecularweight, exotherm, flow rates or catalyst productivity. If thepolymerization process is carried out under suspension or gas phasepolymerization conditions, the temperatures typically are below 150° C.

Utilizing the catalysts of the present invention, high molecular weightpolymers are readily attained by use of the present catalysts, even atelevated reactor temperatures. This result is highly desirable becausethe molecular weight of diene polymers can be readily reduced by the useof hydrogen, di- and trihydrocarbylaluminum compounds (such as but notlimited to triisopropylaluminum, diisopropylaluminum hydride,triethylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, diethylaluminum chloride anddiisopropylaluminum chloride), 1,5-cyclooctadiene or similar chaintransfer agent. In addition high molecular weights can be reduced usingaromatic monomers such as but not limited to styrene (see Run 18). Inaddition, productivity is increased due to improved polymer solubility,decreased solution viscosity, and a higher polymer concentration.

Utilizing the catalysts of the present invention, homopolymers andcopolymers having different comonomer incorporation may be readilyprepared.

The homopolymers of the invention such as but not limited topolybutadiene, polyisoprene, polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylenepreferably polybutadiene, polyisoprene and polystyrene, even morepreferably polybutadiene and polyisoprene and copolymers of theinvention such as but not limited to diene-diene, diene-α-olefin oraromatic α-olefin-nonaromatic alpha olefin co- or terpolymers preferablybutadiene-isoprene, butadiene-styrene, butadiene-ethylene andbutadiene-propene copolymers, more preferably butadiene-isoprene andbutadiene-styrene copolymers can be prepared as completely amorphouscopolymers or as copolymers comprising more or less expanded crystallineareas.

With the catalyst and polymerization process of the invention, more orless crystalline, amorphous or rubber-like or rubber homopolymers orcopolymers can be prepared depending on the monomers used and dependingon the monomer ratios used, especially the diene type A: ethylenicallyunsaturated addition polymerizable monomer type B ratios or the dienetype A: diene type B ratios.

Preferably the percentage of one type of monomers in the copolymer,preferably of one type of conjugated diene is higher than 0 and lessthan 100 percent. The polybutadiene content of the polybutadienehomopolymer or of the diene-diene copolymers preferably comprises highcis-1,4-polybutadiene.

The polymer resulting from the polymerization or copolymerization can beworked up by a method known per se. In general the catalyst isdeactivated at some point during the processing of the polymer in amanner known per se, for example, by means of water or an alcohol.Removal of the catalyst residues can mostly be omitted because thequantity of catalyst in the polymer or copolymer, in particular thecontent of halogen and metal, is very low owing to the use of thecatalyst system according to the invention. If desired, however, thelevel of catalyst residues in the polymer can be reduced in a knownmanner, for example, by washing. The deactivation step can be followedby a stripping step (removal of organic solvent(s) from the polymer).

The polymerization or copolymerization can also be performed in severalsteps, in series as well as in parallel. If required, the catalystcomposition, temperature, hydrogen concentration, pressure, residencetime, etc., may be varied from step to step. In this way it is alsopossible to obtain products with a wide property distribution, forexample, molecular weight distribution. By using the catalysts of thepresent invention for the polymerization of olefins, polymers may beobtained with molecular weights between 50,000 and 1,500,000 g/molpreferably between 100,000 and 1,000,000 g/mol and polydispersities(Mw/Mn) of 1.0-50, preferably polydispersities of 1.0-20.

The polymerization or copolymerization of conjugated dienes by anaddition polymerization mechanism results in the formation of residualolefinic vinyl, E (entgegen) and Z (zusammen) double bonds. In the caseof butadiene, these are designated vinyl (or 1,2-, or1,2-polybutadiene), trans (or trans-1,4- or trans-1,4-polybutadiene) andcis (or cis-1,4- or cis-1,4-polybutadiene) double bonds. An advantage ofthe invention is the possibility to prepare high cis contentpolybutadiene polymers or copolymers. Preferably the fraction of theresidual olefinic double bonds in the polymer or copolymer resultingfrom the polymerization of the conjugated dienes that are Z or cis unitsranges from 50-100 percent, even more preferably from 60 to 100 percent,even more preferably from 80-99 percent, yet still more preferably from90-99 percent, yet still more preferably from 95-99 percent of the totalamount of residual olefinic double bonds resulting from thepolymerization of the conjugated dienes. Advantageously the conjugateddiene polymers having high cis-1,4- content also have a vinyl content(1,2-polybutadiene and/or 1,2- and 3,4-polyisoprene) between 0 and 30percent, preferably between 0 and 20 percent, more preferably the1,2-polybutadiene content of the polybutadiene fraction of the homo- orcopolymer is between 0 and 10 percent, even more preferably between 0and 5 percent. Advantageously according to the invention the cis contentof polybutadiene can be very high such as for example but not limited to94.0 percent (see Run 12) or to 97.9 percent (see Run 3).

Formed copolymerization products of one type of conjugated diene monomerwith a second ethylenically unsaturated addition polymerizable monomerpreferably can be chosen to be a random or block copolymer, even morepreferably the copolymer comprises butadiene and styrene (see run 18) orbutadiene and isoprene.

Such polymers of the invention are well-suited for use in themodification of plastics, particularly polystyrene in the preparation ofHIPS (high impact polystyrene).

The polymerization process of the invention allows the production oftailor-made copolymers. In particular, the choice of the activator andof the metal complex and also the manner of preparation of catalyst, aswell as the solvent used for the polymerization reaction (nonaromatic oraromatic), the concentration of the diene monomers and thepolymerization temperature enable an adjustment of the polymermicrostructure (ratio of cis-, trans- and vinyl content), the polymerviscosity (Mooney viscosity), the molecular weight of the resultingpolymer, the molecular weight distribution and the polymerizationactivity of a given catalyst. Non-limiting examples are the following:

The average molecular weight (Mw) can be as high as 974,000 g/mol whenthe neodymium complex 1 was combined with modified methylalumoxane(MMAO) (Run1) while a much lower average molecular weight of Mw=394,000g/mol resulted when metal complex 1 was combined with diisobutylaluminumhydride and boron trifluoride etherate (Run 11) under similarpolymerization conditions. The cis content can be as high as 97.9percent when complex 1 was combined with diisobutylaluminum hydride andisobutylalumoxane (IBAO) in cyclohexane solvent (Run 3) but also mayamount to 66.6 percent when complex 1 was combined with triethylaluminumand [CPh₃][B(C₆F₅)₄] (Run 10). The molecular weight distribution can besmall such as for example but not limited to 2.5, typical for a singlesite polymerization process (Run 4) but MWD can also be 7.6 (see Run 6).

The Mooney viscosity can be as high as for example but not limited to38.2 when the lanthanum complex 9 was combined with modifiedmethylalumoxane (MMAO) (Run 17) while a lower Mooney value amounting to25.8 resulted when neodymium complex 6 was combined with MMAO (Run 13)under similar polymerization conditions. The cis content can be as highas 94.0 percent when complex 5 was combined with (MMAO) but also mayamount to 69.5 percent when complex 9 was combined with MMAO (Run 16).The molecular weight distribution (MWD) can be small such as for examplebut not limited to 2.2 typical for a single site polymerization process(Run 13) but the MWD can also be 4.7 (see Run 12)

Another advantage which was already mentioned before is the possibilityto avoid catalyst aging (see above).

Another advantage of the invention for diene polymerization reactions isthat the manner of preparation of the catalyst (for example, order ofaddition of the catalyst components and catalyst aging) can favorablyinfluence the homo- and copolymer properties such as the polymermicrostructure and the molecular weight.

The homo- and copolymers of the invention may be used in the productionof many useful shapes, molded parts, films, foams, golf balls, tires,hoses, conveyor and other belts, gaskets, seals, shoes and in themodification of plastics, such as the manufacture of high impactpolystyrene or impact-modified polypropylene.

EXAMPLES

It is understood that the present invention is operable in the absenceof any component which has not been specifically disclosed. Thefollowing examples are provided in order to further illustrate theinvention and are not to be constructed as limiting. Unless stated tothe contrary, all parts and percentages are expressed on a weight basis.The term “overnight”, if used, refers to a time of approximately 16-18hours, “room temperature”, if used, refers to a temperature of 20-25° C.

All tests in which organometallic compounds were involved were carriedout in an inert nitrogen atmosphere, using standard Schlenk equipmentand techniques or in a glovebox. In the following ‘THF’ stands fortetrahydrofuran, ‘Me’ stands for ‘methyl’, ‘Et’ stands for ‘ethyl’, ‘Bu’stands for ‘butyl’, ‘Ph’ stands for ‘phenyl’, ‘MMAO’ or ‘MMAO-3a’ standsfor ‘modified methyl alumoxane’ purchased from AKZO Nobel and TMB standsfor trimethoxybenzene. Pressures mentioned are absolute pressures. Thepolymerizations were performed under exclusion of moisture and oxygen ina nitrogen atmosphere. The products were characterized by means of SEC(size exclusion chromatography), elemental analysis, NMR (Avance 400device (¹H=400 MHz; ¹³C=100 MHz) of Bruker Analytic GmbH) and IR (IFS 66FT-IR spectrometer of Bruker Optics GmbH). The IR samples were preparedusing CS₂ as swelling agent and using a two or fourfold dissolution. DSC(differential scanning calorimetry) was measured using a DSC 2920 of TAInstruments.

Mn and Mw are molecular weights and were determined by universalcalibration of SEC. The ratio between the 1,4-cis-, 1,4-trans- and1,2-polydiene content of the butadiene or isoprene polymers wasdetermined by IR and ¹³C NMR-spectroscopy. The glass transitiontemperatures of the polymers were determined by DSC determination.

1. Synthesis of the Transition Metal Complexes

1.1. Preparation of bis(diisopropylamido)neodymium bromide * lithiumbromide adduct 1

In a flask were combined 6,0 g (10 mmol) NdBr₃(TBF)₃ with 200 mL THF at0° C. About 100 mL of a solution of 1.28 g (20.0 mmol) of lithiumdiisopropylamide in 100 mL THF were added at 0° C. The mixture wasallowed to warm to room temperature and was stirred for an additional 18hours. The solvent was removed in vacuum and the residue was extractedwith pentane. The extracts were centrifuged (or filtered) to removeinsoluble material. The clear pentane solution was evaporated todryness. Yield 87 percent.

1.2. Preparation of bis(diisopropylamido)neodymium chloride * lithiumchloride adduct 2.

In a flask were combined 4.7 g (10 mmol) of NdCl₃(THF)₃ with 200 mL ofTHF at 0° C. About 100 mL of a solution of 1.28 g (20.0 mmol) of lithiumdiisopropylamide in 100 mL of THF were added at 0° C. The mixture wasallowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for additional 18 hours.The solvent was removed in vacuum and the residue was extracted withpentane. The extracts were centrifuged (or filtered) to remove insolublematerial. The clear pentane solution was evaporated to dryness. Yield 78percent.

1.3. Preparation of(Et₂O)LiN(^(i)Pr)—CH═C(Me)-CH(Ph)-CH(Ph)-C(Me)=CH—N(^(i)Pr)Li(Et₂O) 3

A solution of 20.0 g (106.8 mmol) of the 1-aza-1,3-dienes(^(i)Pr)N═CH—C(Me)=CH(Ph) in 100 mL diethylether were combined with 1.0g (142.8 mmol) lithium at room temperature. The mixture was warmed upnoticably upon lithium addition and was stirred for 24 hr's.Subsequently the resulting solution was separated from remining lithiumby filtration and the filtrated solution was evaporated to a volume of50 mL and stored at −5° C. Crystals of the pale yellowN,N′-dilithium-hexa-1,5-dien-1,6-diamides(Et₂O)LiN(^(i)Pr)—CH═C(Me)-CH(Ph) -CH(Ph)-C(Me)=CH—N(^(i)Pr)Li(Et₂O) 3were formed at this temperature. Yield: 23.0 g (42.7 mmol, 80 percent)

1.4. Preparation of(THF)₃LiN[(^(i)Pr)₂C₆H₃]—CH═C(Me)-CH(Ph)-CH(Ph)-C(Me)=CH—N[(^(i)Pr)₂C₆H₃]Li(THF)₃4

A solution of 10.0 g (33.0 mmol) of the1-aza-1,3-PhCH═C(CH₃)—CH═N[(^(i)Pr)₂C₆H₃] in 100 mL THF were combinedwith 0.3 g (43.0 mmol) lithium at room temperature and stirred for 48hr's. Subsequently, the resulting solution was evaporated. The resultingsolid residue was extracted with 150 mL diethylether. After filtrationof the resulting diethylether solution was stored at 0° C. Crystals ofthe pale yellowN,N′-dilithium-hexa-1,5-dien-1,6-(THF)₃LiN[(^(i)Pr)₂C₆H₃]—CH═C(Me)-CH(Ph)-CH(Ph)—C(Me)=CH—N[(^(i)Pr)₂C₆H₃]Li(THF)₃4 were formed at this temperature. Yield: 14.0 g (13.1 mmol, 80 percent)

1.5. Preparation of dysprosium complex C₆₈H₁₀₈N₄O₈Cl₄Li₂Dy₂ 5

In a flask were combined 3.40 g (12.65 mmol) DyCl₃ with 100 mLdimethoxyethane (dme) at 0° C. The solution was allowed to warm to roomtemperature and 6.80 g (12.65 mmol) ofdilithium(hex-1,5-dien-1,6-diamide)-compound[{Li(OEt₂)}₂{(iPr)NCH═C(Me)CH(Ph)CH(Ph)C(Me)=CHN(iPr)}] 3 were added.The mixture was stirred for additional 24 hours. Precipitated lithiumchloride (LiCl) was removed by filtration. The filtrated solution wasevaporated to a volume of 50 mL and stored at 0° C. Yellow crystals ofthe dysprosium compound 5 (M=1590.32 g/mol) were isolated by filtrationand dried in the vacuum. yield: 7.47 g (9.40 mmol, 75 percent referredto DyCl₃).

1.6. Preparation of neodymium complex (C₃₈H₆₄N₂O₆Br₂LiNd) 6.

In a flask were combined 6.80 g (12.65 mmol) of thedilithium(hex-1,5-dien-1,6-diamide)-compound[{Li(OEt₂)}₂{(iPr)NCH═C(Me)CH(Ph)CH(Ph)C(Me)=CHN(iPr)}] 3 in 200 mLdimethoxyethane (dme) with 8.50 g (12.65 mmol) NdBr₃(THF)₄ at −20° C.The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 48hours. Afterwards the reaction solvent was removed in vacuum and theoily residue was extracted with 200 ml diethylether. The solvent wascooled to a temperature of −20° C. At this temperature colorlesscrystals of LiBr(dme)₂ precipitated, which were subsequently removed byfiltration. The filtrated solution was evaporated to a volume of 100 mLand stored at room temperature. Slowly neodymium complex 6 crystals wereformed. Complex 6 (M=955.9 g)was isolated by filtration and dried in thevacuum. Yield: 2.30 g (2.40 mmol, 19 percent referred to NdBr₃(THF)₄)

1.7. Preparation of neodymium complex C₆₄H₉₈N₄O₆LiN 7.

In a flask were combined 6.80 g (12.65 mmol) of thedilithium(hex-1,5-dien-1,6-diamide)-compound[{Li(OEt₂)}₂{(iPr)NCH═C(Me)CH(Ph)CH(Ph)C(Me)=CHN(iPr)}] 3 in 150 mLdimethoxyethane (dme) under stirring with 4.25 g (6.30 mmol) NdBr₃(THF)₄at −20° C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 24hours. Afterwards the reaction solvent was removed in vacuum and theresidue was extracted with 100 ml diethylether. Precipitated LiBr(dme)₂was removed by filtration. The filtrated solution was cooled to atemperature of −20° C. and precipitated LiBr(dme)₂ was removed byfiltration. The filtrated solution was stored at 5° C. whereby neodymiumcomplex 7 crystals were formed. Complex 7 (M=1170.68 g) was isolated byfiltration and dried in the vacuum. Yield: 5.50 g (4.73 mmol, 75 percentreferred to NdBr₃(THF)₄).

1.8. Preparation of lanthanum complex C₁₀₈H₁₅₆N₄O₆Br₄Li₂La₂ 8.

In a flask were combined 4.20 g (6.30 mmol) LaBr₃(THF)₄ in 200 mLtetrahydrofuran (THF) under stirring with 6.61 g (6.25 mmol) of thedilithium(hex-1,5-dien-1,6-diamide)-compound[{Li(THF)₃}₂{(C₆H₃-2,6-(iPr)₂}NCH═C(Me)CH(Ph)CH(Ph)C(Me)=CHN{C₆H₃-2,6-(iPr)₂}]4 at −20° C. The mixture was stirred for 48 hours. Afterwards thesolvent was evaporated. The residue was solved in 250 mL diethyletherand precipitated lithium bromide was removed in the vacuum. Thefiltrated solution was cooled to a temperature of −20° C. and stored atthis temperature for days. Crystals of lanthanum complex 8 were formed.Complex 8 (M=2217.75 g) was isolated by filtration and dried in thevacuum. Yield: 2.80 g (2.52 mmol, 40 percent referred to LaBr₃(THF)₄).

1.9. Preparation of lanthanum complex C₆₀H₈₈N₄O₄Br₄Li₂La₂ 9.

In a flask were combined 7.50 g (11.25 mmol) LaBr₃(THF)₄ in 200 mldimethoxyethane (dme) under stirring with 6.05 g (11.25 mmol) of thedilithium(hex-1,5-dien-1,6-diamid)-compound[{Li(OEt₂)}₂{(iPr)NCH═C(Me)CH(Ph)CH(Ph)C(Me)=CHN(iPr)}] 3 at atemperature of −20° C. The mixture was stirred for 48 hours. Afterwardsthe solvent was evaporated. The residue was solved in 200 mLdiethylether and precipitated lithium bromide was removed in the vacuum.The filtrated solution was evaporated to a volume of 100 mL and storedat a −20° C. Crystals of lanthanum complex 9 were formed. Complex 9(M=1540.69 g) was isolated by filtration and dried in the vacuum. Yield:8.04 g (6.19 mmol, 55 percent referred to LaBr₃(THF)₄).

2. Polymerization 2.1 Description of the Polymerization Procedure—Method1

The polymerizations were performed in a double wall 2 L steel reactor,which was purged with nitrogen before the addition of organic solvent,metal complex, activator(s), Lewis acids or other components. Thepolymerization reactor was tempered to 70° C. unless stated otherwise.The following components were then added in the following order: organicsolvent, the activator 1, conjugated diene monomer(s)and the mixture wasallowed to stir for one hour. Then the following components were addedin the following order into the 2 L steel reactor: optionally a secondactivator component and/or Lewis acid and subsequently the metal complexwas added to start the polymerization.

The polymerization was performed at 70° C. unless stated otherwise. Thepolymerization time varied depending on the experiment.

For the termination of the polymerization process, the polymer solutionwas transferred into a third double wall steel reactor containing 50 mLof methanol and Irganox 1520 as stabilizer for the polymer (1 L ofmethanol contains 2 g of Irganox). This mixture was stirred for 15minutes. The recovered polymer was then stripped with steam for 1 hourto remove solvent and other volatiles and dried in an oven at 45° C. for24 hours.

2.2 Description of the Polymerization Procedure—Method 2

The polymerizations were performed in a double wall 2 L steel reactor,which was purged with nitrogen before the addition of organic solvent,metal complex, activator(s), Lewis acids or other components. Thepolymerization reactor was tempered to 80° C. if not stated otherwise.The following components were then added in the following order: organicsolvent, a portion of the activator 1, conjugated diene monomer(s) andthe mixture was allowed to stir for one hour.

In a separate 200 mL double wall steel reactor, which was tempered tothe same temperature as the polymerization reactor if the temperaturevalue did not exceed 80° C. (if higher temperatures were chosen for thepolymerization process, the 200 mL reactor was still tempered to 80°C.), the following components were added in the following order: organicsolvent and a portion of the activator 1 and the mixture was stirred for0.5 hours. Then optionally a second activator component and/or Lewisacid and subsequently the metal complex were added and the resultingmixture was allowed to stir for an additional 30 minutes.

The polymerization was started through addition of the contents of the200 mL steel reactor into the 2 L polymerization vessel. Thepolymerization was performed at a 80° C. unless stated otherwise. Thepolymerization time varied depending on the experiment.

For the termination of the polymerization process, the polymer solutionwas transferred into a third double wall steel reactor containing 50 mLof methanol containing Irganox 1520 as stabilizer for the polymer (1 Lof methanol contains 2 g of Irganox). This mixture was stirred for 15minutes. The recovered polymer was then stripped with steam for 1 hourto remove solvent and other volatiles and dried in an oven at 45° C. for24 hours.

2.3 Description of the Polymerization Procedure—Method 3

The polymerizations were performed in a double wall 2 L steel reactor,which was purged with nitrogen before the addition of organic solvent,metal complex, activator(s), Lewis acids or other components. Thepolymerization reactor was tempered to 80° C. unless stated otherwise.The following components were then added in the following order: organicsolvent, the activator 1, conjugated diene monomer(s)and the mixture wasallowed to stir for one hour. Then the following components were addedin the following order into the 2 L steel reactor: optionally a secondactivator component and/or Lewis acid and subsequently the metal complexwas added to start the polymerization.

The polymerization was performed at 80° C. unless stated otherwise. Thepolymerization time varied depending on the experiment.

For the termination of the polymerization process, the polymer solutionwas transferred into a third double wall steel reactor containing 50 mLof methanol and Irganox 1520 as stabilizer for the polymer (1 L ofmethanol contains 2 g of Irganox). This mixture was stirred for 15minutes. The recovered polymer was then stripped with steam for 1 hourto remove solvent and other volatiles and dried in an oven at 45° C. for24 hours.

3 Polymerization Examples 3.1 Homopolymerization of 1,3-butadiene

-   A) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 1 and MMAO-3a (Run    1)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.1). The polymerization was carried out in540 g of cyclohexane solvent. Thus 540 g of cyclohexane, 54.1 g (1.0mol) of 1,3-butadiene monomer and MMAO (3.9 g of a heptane solutioncontaining 10.0 mmol of MMAO) were added into the polymerization reactorand stirred for 100 minutes. Afterwards 11.5 mg (0.02 mmol) of neodymiumcomplex 1 dissolved in 3.8 g cyclohexane were added into thepolymerization reactor to start the polymerization reaction.

After 10 minutes the polymerization reaction was terminated as describedabove (see 2.1.). At this point, the conversion level of the monomersinto polybutadiene was 73.4 percent. 39.7 g of polybutadiene wererecovered as result of the stripping process.

The polymer contained 97.3 percent cis-1,4-; 2.0 percent trans-1,4-, 0.7percent 1,2-polybutadiene according to IR determination. The molecularweight of the polymer amounted to 974,000 g/mol and the polydispersity(molecular weight distribution) amounted to 2.8. (M_(n)=338,000;M_(z)=1,820,000). The Mooney value amounted to 85.3, the melt enthalpy(□H^(SL)) amounts to 43.3 J/g and the glass transition temperatureamounted to −107.2° C.

-   B) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 1 IBAO (Run 2)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.1). The polymerization was carried out in542 g of cyclohexane solvent at a polymerization temperature of 80° C.Thus 542 g of cyclohexane, 53.9 g (1.0 mol) of 1,3butadiene monomer andIBAO (11.2 g of a heptane solution containing 30.0 mmol of IBAO) wereadded into the polymerization reactor and stirred for 75 minutes.Afterwards 28.6 mg (0.05 mmol) of neodymium complex 1 dissolved in 4.0 gof cyclohexane were added into the polymerization reactor to start thepolymerization reaction.

After 44 minutes the polymerization reaction was terminated as describedabove (see 2.1.). At this point, the conversion level of the monomersinto polybutadiene was 43.3 percent. 23.5 g of polybutadiene wererecovered as result of the stripping process.

The polymer contained 96.5 percent cis-1,4-; 2.0 percent trans-1,4-, 1.5percent 1,2-polybutadiene according to IR determination. The Mooneyvalue amounted to 88.1, the melt enthalpy (□H^(SL)) amounts to 39.1 J/gand the glass transition temperature amounted to −107.4° C.

-   C) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 1, iBu₂AlH and IBAO    (Run 3)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.1). The polymerization was carried out in540 g of cyclohexane solvent at a polymerization temperature of 80° C.Thus 540 g of cyclohexane, 54.3 g (1.0 mol) of 1,3-butadiene monomer,IBAO (5.6 g of a heptane solution containing 15.0 mmol of IBAO) and 270mg (2 mmol) diisobutylaluminum hydride in 3.7 g of cyclohexane wereadded into the polymerization reactor and stirred for 80 minutes.Afterwards 14.3 mg (0.025 mmol) of neodymium complex 1 dissolved in 3.5g of cyclohexane were added into the polymerization reactor to start thepolymerization reaction.

After one hour and 17 minutes the polymerization reaction was terminatedas described above (see 2.1.). At this point, the conversion level ofthe monomers into polybutadiene was 70.2 percent. 38.0 g ofpolybutadiene were recovered as result of the stripping process.

The polymer contained 97.9 percent cis-1,4-; 1.4 percent trans-1,4-, 0.7percent 1,2-polybutadiene according to IR determination. The molecularweight of the polymer amounted to 566,000 g/mol and the polydispersity(molecular weight distribution) amounted to 3.3. (M_(n)=171,000;M_(z)=1,188,000). The Mooney value amounted to 91.0.

-   D) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 1 and MMAO-3a (Run    4)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.1). The polymerization was carried out in541 g of toluene solvent at a polymerization temperature of 50° C. Thus541 g of toluene, 54.0 g (1.0 mol) of 1,3-butadiene monomer and MMAO(9.8 g of a heptane solution containing 25.1 mmol of MMAO) were addedinto the polymerization reactor and stirred for 81 minutes. Afterwards28.8 mg (0.05 mmol) of neodymium complex 1 dissolved in 3.1 g of toluenewere added into the polymerization reactor to start the polymerizationreaction.

After two hours and 15 minutes the polymerization reaction wasterminated as described above (see 2.1.). At this point, the conversionlevel of the monomers into polybutadiene was 62.3 percent. 33.7 g ofpolybutadiene were recovered as result of the stripping process.

The polymer contained 93.0 percent cis-1,4-; 6.1 percent trans-1,4-, 0.9percent 1,2-polybutadiene according to IR determination. The molecularweight of the polymer amounted to 477,000 g/mol and the polydispersity(molecular weight distribution) amounted to 2.5. (M_(n)=185,000;M_(z)=654,000). The Mooney value amounted to 81.3.

-   E) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 1, Et₃Al and    B(C₆F₅)₃ (Run 5)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.1). The polymerization was carried out in543 g of cyclohexane solvent. Thus 543 g of cyclohexane, 54.1 g (1.0mol) of 1,3-butadiene monomer and 0.341 g (3.0 mmol) of triethylaluminumin 1.45 g of cyclohexane were added into the polymerization reactor andstirred for one hour 18 minutes. Afterwards 20.5 mg (0.04 mmol) oftris(pentafluorophenyl)borane dissolved in 3.4 g of cyclohexane solventand 11.5 mg (0.02 mmol) of neodymium complex 1 dissolved in 3.4 g ofcyclohexane were added into the polymerization reactor to start thepolymerization reaction.

After one hour and 35 minutes the polymerization reaction was terminatedas described above (see 2.1.). At this point, the conversion level ofthe monomers into polybutadiene was 57.3 percent. 31.0 g ofpolybutadiene were recovered as result of the stripping process.

The polymer contained 92.4 percent cis-1,4-; 6.9 percent trans-1,4-, 0.8percent 1,2-polybutadiene according to IR determination. The molecularweight of the polymer amounted to 726,000 g/mol and the polydispersity(molecular weight distribution) amounted to 3.1. (M_(n)=233,000;M_(z)=1,730,000). The Mooney value amounted to 112.7.

-   F) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 1, iBu₂AlH and    B(C₆F₅)₃ (Run 6)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.1). The polymerization was carried out in539 g of cyclohexane solvent. Thus 539 g of cyclohexane and 27 mg (1.5mmol) of distilled and oxygen-freed (degassed) water were added into thepolymerization reactor and stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature.Subsequently 227.3 mg (2.0 mmol) of triethylaluminum, 135 mg (1.0 mg) ofdiisobutylaluminum hydride and 54.2 g (1.0 mol) of 1,3-butadiene monomerwere added into the polymerization reactor and stirred for 1 hour and 18minutes at 70° C. Afterwards 11.5 mg (0.02 mmol) of neodymium complex 1dissolved in 3.5 g of cyclohexane were added into the polymerizationreactor to start the polymerization reaction.

After two hours the polymerization reaction was terminated as describedabove (see 2.1.). At this point, the conversion level of the monomersinto polybutadiene was 21.6 percent. 11.7 g of polybutadiene wererecovered as result of the stripping process.

The polymer contained 95.4 percent cis-1,4-; 3.7 percent trans-1,4-, 0.9percent 1,2-polybutadiene according to IR determination. The molecularweight of the polymer amounted to 728,000 g/mol and the polydispersity(molecular weight distribution) amounted to 7.6. (M_(n)=96,000;M_(z)=2,050,000).

-   G) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 2, Et₃Al and    B(C₆F₅)₃ (Run 7)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.1). The polymerization was carried out in540 g of cyclohexane solvent. Thus 540 g of cyclohexane, 54.0 g (1.0mol) of 1,3-butadiene monomer and 0.341 g (3.0 mmol) of triethylaluminumin 2.4 g of cyclohexane were added into the polymerization reactor andstirred for 28 minutes. Afterwards 20.5 mg (0.04 mmol) oftris(pentafluorophenyl)borane dissolved in 3.2 g of cyclohexane solventand 9.7 mg (0.02 mmol) of neodymium complex 2 dissolved in 3.6 g ofcyclohexane were added into the polymerization reactor to start thepolymerization reaction.

After one hour and 30 minutes the polymerization reaction was terminatedas described above (see 2.1.). At this point, the conversion level ofthe monomers into polybutadiene was 55.5 percent. 30.0 g ofpolybutadiene were recovered as result of the stripping process.

The polymer contained 91.5 percent cis-1,4-; 7.8 percent trans-1,4-, 0.8percent 1,2-polybutadiene according to IR determination. The molecularweight of the polymer amounted to 486,000 g/mol and the polydispersity(molecular weight distribution) amounted to 3.3. (M_(n)=147,000;M_(z)=1,388,000). The Mooney value amounted to 54.2.

-   H) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 1, Et₃Al and    [C₁₈H₃₇)₂NMeH][B(C₆F₅)₄] (Run 8)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.1). The polymerization was carried out in542 g of cyclohexane solvent. Thus 542 g of cyclohexane, 53.9 g (1.0mol) of 1,3-butadiene monomer and 0.341 g (3.0 mmol) of triethlaluminumin 1.83 g of cyclohexane were added into the polymerization reactor andstirred for one hour 41 minutes. Afterwards 36.47 mg (0.03 mmol) of[C₁₈H₃₇)₂NMeH][B(C₆F₅)₄] dissolved in 300 mg of methylcyclohexane and11.5 mg (0.02 mmol) of neodymium complex 1 dissolved in 3.2 g ofcyclohexane were added into the polymerization reactor to start thepolymerization reaction.

After one hour and 8 minutes the polymerization reaction was terminatedas described above (see 2.1.). At this point, the conversion level ofthe monomers into polybutadiene was 83.5 percent. 45.2 g ofpolybutadiene were recovered as result of the stripping process.

The polymer contained 80.1 percent cis-1,4-; 18.8 percent trans-1,4-,1.1 percent 1,2-polybutadiene according to IR determination. The Mooneyvalue amounted to 155.3.

-   I) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 1, iBu₂AlH and    [C₁₈H₃₇)₂NMeH][B(C₆F₅)₄] (Run 9)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.1). The polymerization was carried out in540 g of cyclohexane solvent. Thus 540 g of cyclohexane, 54.2 g (1.0mol) of 1,3-butadiene monomer and 0.405 g (3.0 mmol) ofdiisobutylaluminum hydride in 1.5 g of cyclohexane were added into thepolymerization reactor and stirred for one hour and 11 minutes.Afterwards 36.47 mg (0.03 mmol) of [C₁₈H₃₇)₂NMeH][B(C₆F₅)₄] dissolved in300 mg of methylcyclohexane and 11.5 mg (0.02 mmol) of neodymium complex1 dissolved in 3.4 g of cyclohexane were added into the polymerizationreactor to start the polymerization reaction.

After one hour and 2 minutes the polymerization reaction was terminatedas described above (see 2.1.). At this point, the conversion level ofthe monomers into polybutadiene was 66.8 percent. 36.1 g ofpolybutadiene were recovered as result of the stripping process.

The polymer contained 83.5 percent cis-1,4-; 15.2 percent trans-1,4-,1.3 percent 1,2-polybutadiene according to IR determination. Themolecular weight of the polymer amounted to 414,000 g/mol and thepolydispersity (molecular weight distribution) amounted to 5.8.(M_(n)=71,000; M_(z)=1,200,000). The Mooney value amounted to 87.3.

-   J) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 1, Et₃Al and    [CPh₃][B(C₆F₅)₄] (Run 10)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.1). The polymerization was carried out in540 g of toluene solvent. Thus 540 g of toluene, 54.2 g (1.0 mol) of1,3-butadiene monomer and 0.341 g (3.0 mmol) triethylaluminum in 2.1 gof toluene were added into the polymerization reactor and stirred forone hour. Afterwards 20.1 mg (0.03 mmol) of [CPh₃][B(C₆F₅)₄] dissolvedin 3.4 g of toluene solvent and 11.5 mg (0.02 mmol) of neodymium complex1 dissolved in 4.8 g of toluene were added into the polymerizationreactor to start the polymerization reaction.

After one hour and 34 minutes the polymerization reaction was terminatedas described above (see 2.1.). At this point, the conversion level ofthe monomers into polybutadiene was 80.6 percent. 43.6 g ofpolybutadiene were recovered as result of the stripping process. Thepolymer contained 66.6 percent cis-1,4-; 31.8 percent trans-1,4-, 1.5percent 1,2-polybutadiene according to IR determination. The molecularweight of the polymer amounted to 300,000 g/mol and the polydispersity(molecular weight distribution) amounted to 5.0. (M_(n)=60,000;M_(z)=1,900,000). The Mooney value amounted to 23.6.

-   K) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 1, i-Bu₂AlH and BF₃    (Run 11)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.1). The polymerization was carried out in541 g of toluene solvent. Thus 541 g of toluene, 54.2 g (1.0 mol) of1,3-butadiene monomer and 0.405 g (3.0 mmol) of diisopropylaluminumhydride in 3.8 g of toluene were added into the polymerization reactorand stirred for one hour and 45 minutes. Afterwards 6.5 mg (0.046 mmol)of BF₃*Et₂O 0.0046 dissolved in 4.6 g of toluene solvent and 11.5 mg(0.020 mmol) of neodymium complex 1 dissolved in 6.6 g of toluene wereadded into the polymerization reactor to start the polymerizationreaction.

After two hours and 50 minutes the polymerization reaction wasterminated as described above (see 2.1.). At this point, the conversionlevel of the monomers into polybutadiene was 83.7 percent. 45.3 g ofpolybutadiene were recovered as result of the stripping process.

The polymer contained 86.2 percent cis-1,4-; 12.6 percent trans-1,4-,1.2 percent 1,2-polybutadiene according to IR determination. Themolecular weight of the polymer amounted to 394,000 g/mol and thepolydispersity (molecular weight distribution) amounted to 4.0.(M_(n)=98,000; M_(z)=1,530,000). The Mooney value amounted to 30.5.

-   L) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 5 and MMAO-3a (Run    12)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.2.). The polymerization was carried out in508 g of cyclohexane solvent and 70 g of toluene solvent. Thus 508 g ofcyclohexane, 55.2 g (1.0 mol) of 1,3-butadiene monomer and MMAO (5.9 gof a heptane solution containing 15.1 mmol of MMAO) were added into thepolymerization reactor. 70 g of toluene and 5.9 g of a heptane solutioncontaining 15.0 mmol of MMAO were mixed with 159 mg (0.10 mmol) of themetal complex 5 in a separate reaction vessel and stirred for 30minutes.

Afterwards the resulting mixture was transferred into the polymerizationreactor to start the polymerization reaction.

After one hours and 33 minutes the polymerization reaction wasterminated as described above (see 2.2.). At this point, the conversionlevel of the monomers into polybutadiene was 27.7 percent. 15.3 g ofpolybutadiene were recovered as result of the stripping process.

The polymer contained 94.0 percent cis-1,4-; 3.0 percent trans-1,4-, 3.0percent 1,2-polybutadiene according to ¹³C-NMR determination

The molecular weight of the polymer amounted to 512,000 g/mol and thepolydispersity (molecular weight distribution) amounted to 4.74.(M_(n)=108,000; M_(z)=1,430,000).

-   M) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 6 and MMAO-3a (Run    13)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.3). The polymerization was carried out in500 g of cyclohexane solvent. Thus 496.7 g of cyclohexane, 54.1 g (1.0mol) of 1,3-butadiene monomer and MMAO (11.8 g of a heptane solutioncontaining 30.3 mmol of MMAO) were added into the polymerization reactorand stirred for one hour and 30 minutes. Afterwards 95.6 mg (0.10 mmol)of neodymium complex 6 dissolved in 3.3 g cyclohexane were added intothe polymerization reactor to start the polymerization reaction.

After two hours and 16 minutes the polymerization reaction wasterminated as described above (see 2.3.). At this point, the conversionlevel of the monomers into polybutadiene was 82.1 percent. 44.4 g ofpolybutadiene were recovered as result of the stripping process.

The polymer contained 93.5 percent cis-1,4-; 5.5 percent trans-1,4-, 1.0percent 1,2-polybutadiene according to ¹³C-NMR determination. Themolecular weight of the polymer amounted to 283,500 g/mol and thepolydispersity (molecular weight distribution) amounted to 2.23.(M_(n)=127,000; M_(z)=592,000). The Mooney value amounted to 25.8.

-   N) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 7 and MMAO-3a (Run    14)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.3). The polymerization was carried out in500 g of cyclohexane. Thus 495.6 g of cyclohexane, 54.1 g (1.0 mol) of1,3-butadiene monomer and MMAO (11.6 g of a heptane solution containing30.0 mmol of MMAO) were added into the polymerization reactor andstirred for one hour and 7 minutes. Afterwards 95.0 mg (0.081 mmol) ofneodymium complex 7 dissolved in 4.4 g cyclohexane were added into thepolymerization reactor to start the polymerization reaction.

After one hour and 39 minutes the polymerization reaction was terminatedas described above (see 2.2.). At this point, the conversion level ofthe monomers into polybutadiene was 5.1 percent. 2.8 g of polybutadienewere recovered as result of the stripping process.

-   O) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 8 and MMAO-3a (Run    15)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.2.). The polymerization was carried out in500.9 g of cyclohexane. Thus 401.0 g of cyclohexane, 55.1 g (1.0 mol) of1,3-butadiene monomer and MMAO (6.0 g of a heptane solution containing15.3 mmol of MMAO) were added into the polymerization reactor. 90.5 g ofcyclohexane and 5.9 g of a heptane solution containing 15.2 mmol of MMAOwere mixed with 103.7 mg (0.047 mmol) of the metal complex 8 dissolvedin 9.4 g cyclohexane in a separate reaction vessel and stirred for onehour and 16 minutes.

Afterwards the resulting mixture was transferred into the polymerizationreactor to start the polymerization reaction.

After one hours and 35 minutes the polymerization reaction wasterminated as described above (see 2.2.). At this point, the conversionlevel of the monomers into polybutadiene was 3.5 percent. 1.9 g ofpolybutadiene were recovered as result of the stripping process.

-   P) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 9 and MMAO-3a (Run    16)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.3). The polymerization was carried out in500 g of cyclohexane. Thus 491.6 g of cyclohexane, 54.1 g (1.0 mol) of1,3-butadiene monomer and MMAO (11.8 g of a heptane solution containing30.3 mmol of MMAO) were added into the polymerization reactor andstirred for 34 minutes. Afterwards 82.4 mg (0.053 mmol) of neodymiumcomplex 9 dissolved in 8.4 g cyclohexane were added into thepolymerization reactor to start the polymerization reaction.

After one hour and 46 minutes the polymerization reaction was terminatedas described above (see 2.3.). At this point, the conversion level ofthe monomers into polybutadiene was 46.8 percent. 25.3 g ofpolybutadiene were recovered as result of the stripping process. Thepolymer contained 69.5 percent cis-1,4-; 12.5 percent trans-1,4-, 8.5percent 1,2-polybutadiene according to IR determination. The Mooneyvalue amounted to 33.9.

-   Q) Polymerization of 1,3-butadiene using complex 9 and MMAO-3a (Run    17)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.2.). The polymerization was carried out in2000.7 g of cyclohexane. Thus 1901 g of cyclohexane, 218.0 g (4.0 mol)of 1,3-butadiene monomer and MMAO (11.9 g of a heptane solutioncontaining 31.0 mmol of MMAO) were added into the polymerizationreactor. 91.5 g of cyclohexane and 11.9 g of a heptane solutioncontaining 31.0 mmol of MMAO were mixed with 164.8 mg (0.107 mmol) ofthe metal complex 9 dissolved in 7.5 g cyclohexane in a separatereaction vessel and stirred for 44 minutes.

Afterwards the resulting mixture was transferred into the polymerizationreactor to start the polymerization reaction.

After one hours and 34 minutes the polymerization reaction wasterminated as described above (see 2.2.). At this point, the conversionlevel of the monomers into polybutadiene was 44.5 percent. 97.0 g ofpolybutadiene were recovered as result of the stripping process. Thepolymer contained 93.7 percent cis-1,4-; 4.7 percent trans-1,4-, 1.7percent 1,2-polybutadiene according to ¹³C-NMR determination. The Mooneyvalue amounted to 38.2.

3.2 Copolymerization of 1,3-butadiene and Styrene

-   R) Copolymerization of 1,3-butadiene and styrene using complex 1    Et₃Al and [C₁₈H₃₇)₂NMeH][B(C₆F₅)₄] (Run 18)

The experiment was carried out according to the general polymerizationprocedure described above (2.1). The polymerization was carried out in542 g of cyclohexane solvent. Thus 542 g of cyclohexane, 54.1 g (1.0mol) of 1,3-butadiene monomer, 20.9 g (0.20 mol) of styrene monomer and0.341 g (3.0 mmol) of triethylaluminum in 1.5 g of cyclohexane wereadded into the polymerization reactor and stirred for three hours eightminutes. Afterwards 36.47 mg (0.03 mmol) of [C₁₈H₃₇)₂NMeH][B(C₆F₅)₄](RIBS 2) dissolved in 300 mg of methylcyclohexane and 11.5 mg (0.02mmol) of neodymium complex 1 dissolved in 4.0 g of cyclohexane wereadded into the polymerization reactor to start the polymerizationreaction. After three hours and two minutes the polymerization reactionwas terminated as described above (see 2.1.). At this point, theconversion level of the monomers into polybutadiene was 27.3 percent.14.8 g of polybutadiene were recovered as result of the strippingprocess.

The polymer contained 85.4 percent cis-1,4-; 13.4 percent trans-1,4-,1.0 percent 1,2-polybutadiene and 0.2 percent styrene according to IRand ¹³C-NMR determination. The molecular weight of the polymer amountedto 362,000 g/mol and the polydispersity (molecular weight distribution)amounted to 5.0. (M_(n)=72,000; M_(z)=2,363,000).

3.3 Polymerization activity - Comparison Activity Run [kg {polymer}/mmol{Nd}[hr]] 1 17.01*** 2 0.58* 3 3.08* 4 0.52* 5 3.47** 6 0.82* 7 2.07** 816.95*** 9 9.95** 10  2.03* 11  2.60* 18  1.24* *measured after 15minutes; **measured after 10 minutes; ***measured after 8 minutesActivity Run [g {polymer}/mmol {Nd}[hr]] 12 71.6* 13 116.4* 14 23.3* 1514.2** 16 400.1* 17 529.1* *measured after 30 minutes; **measured after60 minutes;

3.4 Molecular weight - Comparison Run Mw Mn Mz  1 974,000 338,0001,820,000  2 not. det. not. det. not. det.  3 566,000 171,000 1,188,000 4 477,000 185,000   654,000  5 726,000 233,000 1,730,000  6 728,00096,000 2,050,000  7 486,000 147,000 1,388,000  8 not. det. not. det.not. det.  9 414,000 71,000 1,200,000 10 300,000 60,000 1,900,000 11394,000 98,000 1,530,000 18 362,000 72,000 2,363,000 12 512,000 108,0001,430,000 13 583,500 127,000   592,000 14 not. det. not. det. not. det.15 not. det. not. det. not. det. 16 not. det. not. det. not. det. 17not. det. not. det. not. det.

3.5 Molecular weight distribution (MWG) & Mooney viscosity - ComparisonRun Mw/Mn Mooney Tg in ° C.  1 2.8 85.3 −107.2  2 not. det. 88.1 −107.4 3 3.3 91.0 not. det.  4 2.5 81.3 not. det.  5 3 . . . 1 112.7  not.det.  6 7.6 not. det. not. det.  7 3.3 54.2 not. det.  8 not. det.155.3  not. det.  9  5.83 87.3 not. det. 10 5.0 23.6 not. det. 11 4.030.5 not. det. 18 5.0 not. det. not. det. 12  4.74 not. det. not. det.13  2.23 25.8 not. det. 14 not. det. not. det. not. det. 15 not. det.not. det. not. det. 16 not. det. 33.9 −106.8 17 not. det. 38.2 not. det.

3.6 Microstructure - Polybutadiene Fraction Comparison Cis-1,4-Trans-1,4- Run PB PB 1,2-PB  1 97.3 2.0 0.7  2 96.5 2.0 1.5  3 97.9 1.40.7  4 93.0 6.1 0.9  5 92.4 6.9 0.8  6 95.4 3.7 0.9  7 91.5 7.8 0.8  880.1 18.8  1.1  9 83.5 15.2  1.3 10 66.6 31.8  1.5 11 86.2 12.6  1.2 18 85.4* 13.4*  1.0* 12 94.0 3.0 3.0 13 93.5 5.5 1.0 14 not. det. not.det. not. det. 15 not. det. not. det. not. det. 16 69.5 12.5  8.5 1793.7 4.7 1.7 *styrene content amounts to 0.2 percent

1. A metal complex catalyst, which is a reaction product of: A) at leastone metal complex represented by Formula 2:

wherein: M^(I) is lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, orpromethium; N is nitrogen; X, independently each occurrence, isfluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide or an —OR group, wherein R,independently each occurrence, is hydrogen, or a group having 1 to 80atoms (not counting hydrogen), selected from hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbylsilyl, halo-substituted hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbyloxy-substituted hydrocarbyl, acyl-substituted hydrocarbyl,arylcarbonyl-substituted hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylamino-substitutedhydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylsilyl-substituted hydrocarbyl, acyl orarylcarbonyl; D is THF, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, triethylamine,tetramethylethylenediamine, or Et₂O or; y is the number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,or 6; t is the number 0, 1, 2 or 3; R^(A) and R^(B), independently eachoccurrence, are each a group having from 1 to 80 atoms (not countinghydrogen), selected from hydrocarbyloxy-substituted hydrocarbyl,hydrocarbylamino-substituted hydrocarbyl, orhydrocarbylsilyl-substituted hydrocarbyl; and wherein the two ligands(R^(A))(R^(B))N are only linked via M^(I); and B) at least one activatorselected from: a) C₁₋₃₀ organoboron or organoaluminum compounds, b)polymeric or oligomeric alumoxanes, c) non-polymeric compatible,non-coordinating, ion-forming compounds, and d) hydrocarbyl sodium,hydrocarbyl lithium, hydrocarbyl zinc, hydrocarbyl magnesium halide, anddihydrocarbyl magnesium; and wherein A) and B) are brought together in areaction medium at a temperature from −78° C. to 250° C.
 2. The catalystof claim 1, wherein the reaction medium is selected from at least one ofthe following: an aliphatic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon or ahalohydrocabon; and wherein the temperature is from −5° C. to 160° C. 3.The catalyst of claim 1, wherein M^(I) is neodymium.
 4. The catalyst ofclaim 1, further comprising a support.
 5. The catalyst of claim 4,wherein the support is selected from at least one of the following:clay, silica, layered silicates, alumina, activated carbon, graphite orcarbon black.
 6. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the activatorcomprises a combination of the following: a) a trialkyl aluminumcompound having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in each alkyl group, and b) ahalogenated tri(hydrocarbyl)boron compound or halogenatedtetrakis(hydrocarbyl)boron or -aluminum compound, each having from 1 to20 carbon atoms in each hydrocarbyl group.
 7. The catalyst of claim 1,wherein the activator comprises a combination of the following: a) atris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, ortetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, and b) a polymeric oroligomeric alumoxane.
 8. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the activatorcomprises a combination of the following: a) a trialkyl aluminum ordialkyl aluminum hydride compound, and b) boron trifluoride, borontrichloride, boron tribromide, aluminum trifluoride, aluminumtrichloride, aluminum tribromide, scandium trifluoride, or titaniumtetrafluoride.